Table 4 Clustered ordinal logistic regression investigating factors associated with increasing severity of depressive symptoms

Age (in years)

0.099

0.994 (0.986–1.003)

0.177

 Low

Ref

Ref

 Lower middle

0.097

1.137 (0.991–1.305)

0.066

 Upper middle

0.809

1.041 (0.853–1.269)

0.694

 High

0.117

1.300 (0.853–1.980)

0.222

 Primary

Ref

Ref

 Secondary

0.337

1.354 (0.914–2.006)

0.131

 Undergraduate

0.247

1.388 (0.919–2.097)

0.119

 Postgraduate

0.141

1.523 (1.011–2.294)

0.044

 Student

Ref

Ref

 Jobless

0.767

1.026 (0.877–1.201)

0.746

 Self-employed

0.173

0.974 (0.787–1.205)

0.808

 Private worker

0.850

1.022 (0.928–1.127)

0.655

 Government worker

0.614

0.953 (0.819–1.107)

0.526

 Retired

0.914

1.210 (0.727–2.013)

0.463

Student / worker in healthcare sector

0.159

1.095 (0.958–1.252)

0.185

COVID-19 information from official sources (TV, radio, or other government channels)

0.011

0.801 (0.728–0.882)

<  0.001

COVID-19 information from social media

0.078

0.831 (0.758–0.912)

<  0.001

Living alone in household

0.132

1.098 (0.986–1.224)

0.089

Flu-like symptoms during the past 14 days

<  0.001

2.296 (2.050–2.570)

<  0.001

History of quarantine/isolation for COVID-19

<  0.001

1.568 (1.422–1.728)

<  0.001

History of violence/discrimination

0.182

0.949 (0.816–1.104)

0.501

Fear of COVID-19 score

<  0.001

1.114 (1.102–1.127)

<  0.001

Residential setting

–

–

 Rural

Ref

 Sub-urban

0.639

 Urban

0.567

COVID-19 information from healthcare workers

0.929

–

–

Male gender

0.459

–

–

Conflict-stricken region

0.329

–

–