Table 1 Descriptive statistics for REM-71, MMPI II, TAS-20 scores both in the SUD and control groups

REM-71 FACTOR 1 defenses

Acting out

5.03 ± 2.21

3.77 ± 1.93

5.415

p < .001

.61

Splitting

6.45 ± 1.75

6.39 ± 1.72

0.338

NS

–

Displacement

4.01 ± 2.21

4.03 ± 2.06

−.076

NS

–

Dissociation

3.79 ± 1.83

3.41 ± 1.69

1.924

NS

–

Fantasy

4.75 ± 2.03

3.84 ± 1.92

4.169

p < .001

.46

Omnipotence

5.88 ± 1.75

5.41 ± 1.93

2.314

p < .05

.25

Pass.-aggression

5.20 ± 2.00

5.41 ± 1.93

1.293

NS

–

Projection

3.67 ± 2.09

2.87 ± 1.66

3.786

p < .001

.42

Repression

4.77 ± 1.98

4.91 ± 1.94

1.615

NS

–

Undoing

5.38 ± 1.98

4.76 ± 1.74

2.878

p < .01

.33

Conversion

2.03 ± 1.53

1.91 ± 1.47

.707

NS

–

Somatization

3.79 ± 2.21

4.02 ± 2.15

−.968

NS

–

Withdrawal

6.19 ± 2.17

5.88 ± 2.17

1.293

NS

–

Denial

5.25 ± 1.73

5.35 ± 1.65

−.550

NS

–

REM-71 FACTOR 2 defenses

Sublimation

5.38 ± 1.98

4.93 ± 1.41

4.935

p < .001

.26

Humour

4.85 ± 1.89

5.02 ± 1.97

−.780

NS

–

Idealization

5.94 ± 2.06

6.09 ± 1.91

−.675

NS

–

Intellectualization

5.22 ± 1.75

5.63 ± 1.72

−2.108

p < .05

.24

React. Formation

4.47 ± 1.76

4.42 ± 1.63

.277

NS

–

Suppression

5.20 ± 1.72

5.13 ± 1.72

.409

NS

–

Altruism

7.27 ± 1.42

7.11 ± 1.59

1.008

NS

–

FACTOR 1

4.76 ± 1.24

4.32 ± 1.03

3.475

p < .001

.39

FACTOR 2

5.46 ± .97

5.53 ± 1.00

−.688

NS

–

MMPI II Validity scales

L

49.78 ± 8.13

47.42 ± 9.74

−1.713

NS

–

F

66.71 ± 18.11

54.08 ± 12.57

5.060

p < .001

.81

K

41.11 ± 10.52

42.92 ± 7.82

−1.235

NS

–

MMPI II Clinical scales

1 Hs - Hypochondriasis

55.25 ± 12..29

53.33 ± 10.52

1.099

NS

–

2 D - Depression

60.90 ± 12.98

50.95 ± 9.56

5.523

p < .001

.87

3 Hy - Hysteria

55.13 ± 11.73

48.18 ± 7.55

4.318

p < .001

.70

4 Pd - Psychopathic Deviate

67.82 ± 11.90

52.78 ± 8.40

9.152

p < .001

1.46

5 Mf - Masculinity/Femininity

51.41 ± 11.09

48.65 ± 8.46

1.752

NS

–

6 Pa - Paranoia

65.02 ± 15.72

52.52 ± 9.85

5.836

p < .001

.96

7 Pt - Psychasthenia

58.36 ± 12.31

48.93 ± 10.65

5.379

p < .001

.82

8 Sc - Schizophrenia

62.46 ± 16.52

49.76 ± 10.55

5.628

p < .001

.92

9 Ma- Hypomania

61.51 ± 13.76

55.23 ± 12.12

3.200

p < .001

.48

0 Si - Social Introversion

55.48 ± 12.79

52.30 ± 9.19

1.797

NS

–

MMPI II Content scales

ANX - Anxiety

61.74 ± 20.08

56.53 ± 8.79

1.954

NS

–

FRS - Fears

55.18 ± 12.49

53.02 ± 7.77

1.269

NS

–

OBS - Obsessiveness

58.93 ± 13.18

53.35 ± 10.89

2.998

p < .01

.46

DEP - Depression

65.83 ± 14.93

53.33 ± 8.77

6.184

p < .001

1.02

HEA - Health Concerns

61.16 ± 13.46

55.40 ± 11.38

3.020

p < .01

.46

BIZ - Bizarre Mentation

62.77 ± 17.94

55.53 ± 9.46

3.004

p < .01

.50

ANG - Anger

60.49 ± 12.92

56.36 ± 11.92

2.219

p < .05

.33

CYN - Cynicism

57.98 ± 9.84

57.63 ± 11.56

.234

NS

–

ASP - Antisocial Practices

62.37 ± 11.40

58.23 ± 11.04

2.497

p < .05

.37

TPA - Type A

55.18 ± 10.99

54.42 ± 11.04

.477

NS

–

LSE - Low Self-Esteem

59.67 ± 13.75

52.12 ± 8.47

4.038

p < .001

.40

SOD - Social Discomfort

53.80 ± 12.06

50.95 ± 10.12

1.671

NS

–

FAM - Family Problems

62.03 ± 12.74

53.60 ± 10.27

4.703

p < .001

.73

WRK - Work Interference

61.06 ± 13.83

54.33 ± 10.22

3.500

p < .001

.55

TRT - Negative Treatment Ind.

60.37 ± 12.50

56.12 ± 10.13

2.417

p < .05

.37

TAS-20

Total score

54.10 ± 12.67

45.95 ± 9.48

6.529

p < .001

.73