Table 1 Comparisons of characteristics in different effort-reward status groups among nurses in emergency department
|  | Total | Effort-reward balance | Effort-reward imbalance | χ2 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |||
Total | 17,582 (100) | 7093 (40.34) | 10,489 (59.66) | Â | Â |
Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||
Age |  |  |  | 145.78 | < 0.001** |
 <25 | 3493 (19.87) | 1722 (24.28) | 1771 (16.88) |  |  |
 25 ~ 34 | 10,540 (59.95) | 4036 (56.90) | 6504 (62.01) |  |  |
 >34 | 3549 (20.19) | 1335 (18.82) | 2214 (21.11) |  |  |
Sex |  |  |  | 32.43 | < 0.001** |
 Male | 1803 (10.25) | 615 (8.67) | 1188 (11.33) |  |  |
 Female | 15,779 (89.75) | 6478 (91.33) | 9301 (88.67) |  |  |
Educational level |  |  |  | 100.29 | < 0.001** |
 Vocational diploma or lessa | 1105 (6.28) | 534 (7.53) | 571 (5.44) |  |  |
 Associate degreeb | 8603 (48.93) | 3686 (51.97) | 4917 (46.88) |  |  |
 Bachelor degree or above | 7874 (44.78) | 2873 (40.50) | 5001 (47.68) |  |  |
Marital status |  |  |  | 55.96 | < 0.001** |
Unmarried/other | 6714 (38.19) | 2945 (41.52) | 3769 (35.93) | Â | Â |
Married | 10,868 (61.81) | 4148 (58.48) | 6720 (64.07) | Â | Â |
Work-related factors | |||||
Hospital level | Â | Â | Â | 11.33 | 0.010* |
 Emergency centres | 3338 (18.99) | 1343 (18.93) | 1995 (19.02) |  |  |
 Level I hospitals | 728 (4.14) | 333 (4.69) | 395 (3.77) |  |  |
 Level II hospitals | 6953 (39.55) | 2828 (39.87) | 4125 (39.33) |  |  |
 Level III hospitals | 6563 (37.33) | 2589 (36.50) | 3974 (37.89) |  |  |
Title |  |  |  | 105.66 | < 0.001** |
 None | 2328 (13.24) | 1116 (15.73) | 1212 (11.55) |  |  |
 Junior | 11,713 (66.62) | 4754 (67.02) | 6959 (66.35) |  |  |
 Intermediate or above | 3541 (20.14) | 1223 (17.24) | 2318 (22.10) |  |  |
Monthly income (YUAN) | Â | Â | Â | 3.3 | 0.348 |
 ≤ 2499 | 2980 (16.95) | 1236 (17.43) | 1744 (16.63) |  |  |
 2500 ~ 4000 | 7583 (43.13) | 3075 (43.35) | 4508 (42.98) |  |  |
 4001 ~ 6000 | 4649 (26.44) | 1849 (26.07) | 2800 (26.69) |  |  |
 ≥ 6001 | 2370 (13.48) | 933 (13.15) | 1437 (13.70) |  |  |
Years of service |  |  |  | 268.48 | < 0.001** |
 < 1 | 2540 (14.45) | 1360 (19.17) | 1180 (11.25) |  |  |
 1–5 | 7783 (44.27) | 3183 (44.88) | 4600 (43.86) |  |  |
 6–10 | 4573 (26.01) | 1581 (22.29) | 2992 (28.53) |  |  |
 ≥ 11 | 2686 (15.28) | 969 (13.66) | 1717 (16.37) |  |  |
Frequency of night shifts (per month) |  |  |  | 242.99 | < 0.001** |
 0 ~ 5 | 5417 (30.81) | 2537 (35.77) | 2880 (27.46) |  |  |
 6 ~ 10 | 7719 (43.90) | 3122 (44.02) | 4597 (43.83) |  |  |
 11 ~ 15 | 3651 (20.77) | 1243 (17.52) | 2408 (22.96) |  |  |
 ≥ 16 | 795 (4.52) | 191 (2.69) | 604 (5.76) |  |  |
Shortage of nurses |  |  |  | 933.82 | < 0.001** |
 Does not meet demands | 8834 (50.24) | 2435 (34.33) | 6399 (61.01) |  |  |
 General | 5231 (29.75) | 2565 (36.16) | 2666 (25.42) |  |  |
 Meets demands | 3517 (20.00) | 2093 (29.51) | 1424 (13.58) |  |  |
Workplace verbal violence (times) |  |  |  | 1300.51 | < 0.001** |
 0 | 5351 (30.43) | 2975 (41.94) | 2376 (22.65) |  |  |
 1 ~ 3 | 7369 (41.91) | 2932 (41.35) | 4437 (42.30) |  |  |
 ≥ 4 | 4862 (27.65) | 1186 (16.72) | 3676 (35.05) |  |  |
Workplace physical violence |  |  |  | 265.11 | < 0.001** |
 Yes | 2357 (13.41) | 590 (8.32) | 1767 (16.85) |  |  |
 No | 15,225 (86.59) | 6503 (91.68) | 8722 (83.15) |  |  |