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Table 4 Multivariable analysis of predictors of obtaining helpful treatment (person-level composite outcome) and of the decomposed encounter-level outcomes of helpful treatment and persistence, among people with lifetime DSM-5 generalized anxiety disorder who obtained treatment

From: Perceived helpfulness of treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: a World Mental Health Surveys report

 

Composite outcome

Decomposed outcomes

 

Model 1:

Person-level relative-odds of

obtaining helpful

treatment

(regardless of the number of

professionals seen)

Model 2:

Encounter-level relative-odds of obtaining helpful treatment from

a given professional

(pooled across professionals seen)

Model 3:

Encounter-level relative-odds of the respondent persisting in help-seeking after prior unhelpful treatment

(pooled across all unhelpful treatments)

 

Prevalence

Multivariate

Prevalence

Multivariate

Prevalence

Multivariate

Mean/%

(SE)

OR

(95% CI)

Mean/%

(SE)

OR

(95% CI)

Mean/%

(SE)

OR

(95% CI)

Age of GAD onset (years)

29.4

(0.3)

1.01

(1.00–1.02)

28.4

(0.4)

1.02*

(1.01–1.02)

27.7

(0.4)

0.99

(0.98–1.00)

χ21

2.63

22.41*

1.48

Female

67.3

(1.2)

1.18

(0.90–1.54)

66.8

(1.6)

1.21*

(1.03–1.41)

66.2

(1.8)

1.08

(0.85–1.39)

χ21

1.47

5.51*

0.42

Marital Status

 Never married

36.9

(1.2)

1.06

(0.80–1.42)

36.6

(1.5)

1.18*

(1.01–1.38)

36.2

(1.7)

0.85

(0.65–1.10)

 Previously married

22.9

(1.2)

0.99

(0.71–1.36)

24.0

(1.6)

0.88

(0.73–1.06)

24.6

(1.8)

1.08

(0.80–1.46)

 Currently married

40.2

(1.2)

1.00

–

39.4

(1.5)

1.00

–

39.2

(1.7)

1.00

–

χ22

0.21

9.66*

2.03

Education

 Low

13.7

(0.8)

0.63*

(0.42–0.95)

15.1

(1.1)

0.62*

(0.48–0.80)

16.1

(1.4)

0.92

(0.66–1.28)

 Low-average

23.7

(1.2)

0.79

(0.57–1.09)

23.3

(1.4)

0.95

(0.77–1.17)

23.2

(1.6)

0.86

(0.62–1.18)

 High-average

31.9

(1.2)

0.80

(0.58–1.10)

30.6

(1.5)

0.96

(0.81–1.15)

30.0

(1.7)

0.80

(0.58–1.10)

 Student

10.4

(0.8)

0.59*

(0.36–0.99)

12.0

(1.2)

0.81

(0.59–1.11)

12.7

(1.5)

0.62*

(0.39–0.99)

 High

20.2

(0.9)

1.00

–

19.0

(1.1)

1.00

–

18.0

(1.2)

1.00

–

χ24

7.74

17.37*

4.43

Treatment delay (years)a

6.4

(0.3)

0.99

(0.98–1.00)

6.1

(0.3)

1.01*

(1.00–1.02)

6.2

(0.4)

0.98*

(0.96–0.99)

χ21

1.95

4.24*

12.44*

Started GAD treatment > = 2000 (vs. 1990–1999)

52.6

(1.2)

0.78

(0.60–1.01)

45.5

(1.4)

1.22*

(1.06–1.40)

43.1

(1.5)

0.61*

(0.48–0.76)

χ21

3.66

7.25*

18.38*

Treatment typeb

 Mental health specialist + psychotherapy

55.3

(1.2)

0.83

(0.62–1.12)

60.3

(1.6)

0.73*

(0.59–0.91)

61.9

(1.8)

1.33

(0.98–1.81)

 Mental health specialist + medication

55.7

(1.4)

1.46*

(1.05–2.02)

65.8

(1.6)

0.76*

(0.62–0.93)

67.8

(1.8)

2.00*

(1.50–2.67)

 General medical

74.1

(1.1)

0.88

(0.63–1.22)

79.4

(1.2)

0.60*

(0.50–0.72)

81.5

(1.3)

1.56*

(1.14–2.14)

 Complementary/alternative medicine

20.4

(1.0)

1.38

(0.97–1.97)

27.9

(1.5)

0.73*

(0.63–0.84)

30.1

(1.7)

1.99*

(1.43–2.77)

 Human services

16.6

(0.9)

1.00

–

21.0

(1.4)

1.00

–

22.6

(1.6)

1.00

–

χ24

12.27*

50.39*

32.32*

Exactly 2 or more of the above

67.5

(1.1)

1.30

(0.89–1.89)

77.7

(1.1)

1.01

(0.75–1.35)

80.1

(1.2)

1.49*

(1.03–2.15)

χ21

1.80

0.00

4.56*

χ25

27.34*

77.21*

131.57*

Comorbidity

 Number of comorbid disordersc

1.7

(0.0)

1.06

(0.92–1.21)

1.9

(0.0)

0.98

(0.91–1.06)

1.9

(0.0)

1.10

(0.98–1.24)

χ21

0.67

0.20

2.56

 Panic disorder or agoraphobia with/without panic

19.5

(1.0)

1.79*

(1.22–2.62)

24.8

(1.7)

0.93

(0.78–1.12)

25.8

(1.9)

2.12*

(1.53–2.94)

χ21

8.89*

0.57

20.15*

 Major depressive disorder

51.3

(1.3)

1.21

(0.91–1.61)

51.4

(1.4)

1.26*

(1.07–1.49)

50.6

(1.6)

0.91

(0.69–1.20)

χ21

1.64

7.83*

0.47

 Bipolar disorder

10.9

(0.8)

1.40

(0.89–2.21)

12.9

(1.2)

1.18

(0.93–1.50)

13.3

(1.3)

1.15

(0.76–1.75)

χ21

2.12

1.77

0.44

χ24

24.46*

10.08*

42.86*

Childhood adversities

 Family dysfunctiond

31.4

(1.1)

0.75*

(0.58–0.96)

31.8

(1.4)

0.93

(0.78–1.10)

32.4

(1.5)

0.73*

(0.57–0.93)

 Othere

18.0

(0.9)

1.47*

(1.09–1.99)

17.8

(1.1)

1.13

(0.95–1.34)

17.5

(1.2)

1.51*

(1.10–2.07)

χ22

9.73*

2.84

12.06*

Global χ221

88.45*

181.41*

260.66*

  1. Abbreviations: CI confidence interval; GAD generalized anxiety disorder; OR odds ratio; SE standard error
  2. *Significant at .05 level, two-sided test
  3. aTreatment delay (years) = Age at first GAD treatment – Age at onset of GAD
  4. bTreatment providers: mental health specialists (psychiatrist, psychiatric nurse, psychologist, psychiatric social worker, mental health counselor), primary care providers, human services providers (social worker or counselor in a social services agency, spiritual advisor), and complementary/alternative medicine (other type of healer or self-help group)
  5. cComorbid disorders include: panic disorder or agoraphobia with/without panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, specific phobia, social phobia, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, alcohol and/or drug abuse, and alcohol or drug dependence but not abuse
  6. dFamily dysfunction includes: physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, parental mental disorder, parental substance use disorder, parental criminal behavior, and family violence
  7. eOther childhood adversities include: parental death, parental divorce, other loss of a parent, physical illness, and economic adversity
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BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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