Table 4 Simple moderation: LoC moderates COVID-19 stress predicting general mental distress

a. Unadjusted moderation

Coeff (SE) [95% CI]

t

p

Coeff (SE) [95% CI]

t

p

Intercept

2.49 (0.05) [2.38; 2.59]

46.93

<.001

3.46 (0.06) [3.35; 3.57]

59.45

<.001

COVID-19 stress (IV)

1.72 (0.07) [1.59; 1.85]

26.31

<.001

1.63 (0.07) [1.50; 1.76]

24.66

<.001

LoC I (Mod)

−0.21 (0.06) [−0.33; − 0.09]

−3.40

<.001

− 0.75 (0.07) [− 0.89; − 0.61]

−10.32

<.001

COVID-19 stress x LoC I

−0.22 (0.07) [− 0.35; − 0.09]

−3.23

.001

−0.23 (0.07) [− 0.36; − 0.10]

−3.39

<.001

Coeff (SE) [95% CI]

t

p

Coeff (SE) [95% CI]

t

p

Intercept

2.44 (0.05) [2.33; 2.54]

45.13

<.001

3.43 (0.06) [3.32; 3.55]

57.87

<.001

COVID-19 stress (IV)

1.58 (0.07) [1.45; 1.71]

23.18

<.001

1.55 (0.07) [1.42; 1.68]

22.99

<.001

LoC E (Mod)

0.39 (0.07) [0.25; 0.54]

5.28

<.001

0.71 (0.07) [0.57; 0.84]

10.05

<.001

COVID-19 stress x LoC E

0.35 (0.08) [0.20; 0.50]

4.65

<.001

0.27 (0.07) [0.13; 0.41]

3.83

<.001

b. Adjusted moderation

Coeff (SE) [95% CI]

t

p

Coeff (SE) [95% CI]

t

p

Intercept

3.84 (0.36) [3.14; 4.55]

10.69

<.001

4.24 (0.34) [3.57; 4.90]

12.51

<.001

COVID-19 stress (IV)

1.63 (0.07) [1.50; 1.76]

24.66

<.001

1.52 (0.07) [1.39; 1.66]

22.32

<.001

LoC I (Mod)

−0.26 (0.06) [−0.38; −0.14]

−4.30

<.001

−0.84 (0.08) [−0.99; −0.70]

−11.21

<.001

COVID-19 stress x LoC I

−0.20 (0.07) [− 0.33; − 0.06]

−2.91

.004

−0.23 (0.07) [− 0.36; − 0.10]

−3.44

<.001

Age (years)

−0.02 (0.01) [− 0.03; − 0.01]

− 4.04

<.001

−0.01 (0.01) [− 0.02; − 0.00]

− 2.55

.011

Gender ^a)

0.21 (0.12) [− 0.03; 0.44]

1.75

.080

0.00 (0.12) [− 0.24; 0.25]

0.03

.979

Relationship status ^b)

0.01 (0.13) [−0.25; 0.26]

0.04

.969

0.06 (0.14) [−0.22; 0.33]

0.40

.689

Children ^c)

−0.22 (0.16) [− 0.53; 0.09]

−1.39

.166

− 0.31 (0.16) [− 0.62; 0.01]

−1.88

.060

Living together status ^d)

− 0.26 (0.16) [− 0.58; 0.06]

− 1.62

.105

−0.00 (0.17) [− 0.33; 0.33]

−0.02

.983

Education ^e)

−0.45 (0.16) [− 0.77; − 0.14]

− 2.82

.005

−0.33 (0.12) [− 0.57; − 0.10]

− 2.81

.005

Coeff (SE) [95% CI]

t

p

Coeff (SE) [95% CI]

t

p

Intercept

3.65 (0.36) [2.95; 4.34]

10.28

<.001

4.23 (0.34) [3.56; 4.90]

12.44

<.001

COVID-19 stress (IV)

1.50 (0.07) [1.37; 1.64]

21.81

<.001

1.46 (0.07) [1.32; 1.59]

20.82

<.001

LoC E (Mod)

0.39 (0.07) [0.25; 0.54]

5.31

<.001

0.75 (0.07) [0.61; 0.89]

10.51

<.001

COVID-19 stress x LoC E

0.37 (0.08) [0.22; 0.51]

4.88

<.001

0.28 (0.07) [0.15; 0.42]

3.99

<.001

Age (years)

−0.02 (0.01) [−0.03; −0.01]

−3.73

<.001

−0.01 (0.01) [− 0.02; 0.001]

−1.83

.067

Gender ^a)

0.24 (0.12) [0.01; 0.47]

2.01

.045

−0.02 (0.13) [− 0.27; 0.22]

−0.18

.855

Relationship status ^b)

0.02 (0.13) [−0.23; 0.27]

0.16

.870

0.05 (0.14) [−0.22; 0.33]

0.38

.706

Children ^c)

−0.22 (0.16) [− 0.53; 0.08]

−1.44

.151

− 0.37 (0.16) [− 0.69; − 0.05]

−2.30

.022

Living together status ^d)

−0.30 (0.16) [− 0.61; 0.02]

−1.86

.063

−0.24 (0.17) [− 0.57; 0.09]

−1.43

.153

Education ^e)

−0.41 (0.16) [− 0.72; − 0.10]

−2.60

.009

−0.18 (0.12) [− 0.42; 0.05]

−1.55

.123