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Table 3 Child loss in relation to subsequent treatment of major depressive disorders in fathers (N = 22,011)

From: Gender differences in the risk of depressive disorders following the loss of a young child: a nationwide population-based longitudinal study

   

Crude HR

P-value

Model Ia

Model IIa

Variables

N

%

aHR

95% CI

aHR

95% CI

Children’s characteristics

 Death

  Yes

4258

19.34

4.71

< 0.001

4.47***

3.15–6.34

1.93**

1.27–2.95

  No

17,753

80.66

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Diagnosis of catastrophic illness

  One year or more

731

3.32

3.15

< 0.001

1.21

0.68–2.14

1.12

0.57–2.22

   Less than one year

1646

7.48

2.83

< 0.001

0.98

0.64–1.52

1.13

0.68–1.87

  No

19,634

89.20

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

Family characteristics

 Income levelb

  High

6265

28.46

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Medium

10,637

48.33

1.22

0.302

1.21

0.83–1.76

1.23

0.81–1.86

  Poverty

4597

20.89

1.86

0.003

1.42

0.94–2.15

1.52

0.95–2.43

 Urbanizationb

  Urban

5786

26.29

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Suburban

13,743

62.44

1.18

0.353

1.12

0.79–1.58

1.29

0.86–1.92

  Rural

2112

9.60

1.02

0.939

0.97

0.55–1.72

1.09

0.58–2.05

 Linkage with mother in health insurance

  Yes

12,105

55.00

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

  No

9906

45.00

1.51

0.005

1.01

0.75–1.38

0.92

0.62–1.36

Paternal characteristics

 Age at child’s death

   < 35 years

7872

35.76

1.00

   

1.00

 

   ≥ 35 years

14,139

64.24

1.39

0.047

  

0.98

0.68–1.43

 Premium payer (father)c

  Yes

15,515

70.49

1.00

   

1.00

 

  No

6129

27.85

0.90

0.524

  

0.69

0.44–1.07

 Depressive disorders before child’s deathd

  Yes

127

0.58

117.3

< 0.001

  

56.0***

34.5–90.8

  No

21,884

99.42

1.00

   

1.00

 

 Chronic physical conditione

  Yes

3864

17.55

7.91

< 0.001

  

4.07***

2.90–5.73

  No

18,147

82.45

1.00

   

1.00

 
  1. a Model I adjusted for children’s listed characteristics, gender, and age; Model II adjusted for children’s and paternal characteristics; ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05
  2. b Within the year before the index child’s death
  3. c “No” refers to health insurance covered by the mother, children themselves, and grandparents
  4. d Depressive disorder (ICD-9-CM codes: 296.2X, 296.3X, 300.4X, and 311) is confirmed by receiving a diagnosis by a psychiatrist in (i) two or more outpatient services or (ii) one inpatient service within three years before the index child’s death
  5. e Chronic physical condition — including malignant neoplasms, chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, hypertensive disease, bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, and atherosclerosis — were obtained from the three-year reimbursement records prior to the index child’s death