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Table 3 Bivariate and multivariate generalized linear regression of the effect of depressive symptoms on average pain interferencea (n = 288)

From: The effect of depressive symptoms on pain in a substance-using population with persistent pain: a cross-sectional cohort study

 

Unadjusted

Adjustedα

Characteristic

β (95% CI)

p - value

β (95% CI)

p - value

Depressive symptomsb (Moderate-Severe vs. Mild-None)

1.49 (0.72–2.26)

< 0.001

1.24 (0.33–2.15)

0.008

PTSDc (Yes vs. No)

0.80 (0.11–1.49)

0.024

0.28 (−0.42–0.98)

0.437

Anxietyb (Moderate-Severe vs. Mild-None)

0.94 (0.20–1.68)

0.013

0.13 (− 0.74–1.00)

0.762

Age (≥ Median vs. < Median)

−0.08 (− 0.78–0.61)

0.818

  

Sex (Male vs. Female)

− 0.85 (− 1.58 - -0.13)

0.022

−0.59 (− 1.30–0.12)

0.106

Race (White vs. BIPOC or other)

0.00 (− 0.70–0.70)

0.999

  

Highest education completed (≥ vs. < High school)

−0.20 (− 0.89–0.50)

0.581

  

Homelessc (Yes vs. No)

1.05 (0.03–2.06)

0.045

  

Incarceratedc (Yes vs. No)

−0.34 (− 2.07–1.40)

0.705

  

≥ Daily heroin usec (Yes vs. No)

1.53 (0.71–2.35)

< 0.001

1.26 (0.47–2.05)

0.002

≥ Daily stimulant usec (Yes vs. No)

0.93 (0.23–1.63)

0.010

  

≥ Daily non-medical prescription opioid usec (Yes vs. No)

1.40 (−0.85–3.64)

0.225

  

≥ Daily cannabis usec (Yes vs. No)

−0.07 (− 0.87–0.73)

0.858

  

Heavy alcohol usec (Yes vs. No)

0.18 (−0.85–1.22)

0.730

  

Overdosec (Yes vs. No)

1.40 (0.42–2.38)

0.005

1.02 (0.08–1.96)

0.034

Binge drug usec (Yes vs. No)

0.54 (−0.21–1.28)

0.158

  

Injection drug usec (Yes vs. No)

1.22 (0.53–1.92)

< 0.001

  

Inability to access addiction treatmentc (Yes vs. No)

2.10 (−0.14–4.34)

0.067

  

Barriers to accessing healthcarec (Yes vs. No)

0.77 (−0.14–1.67)

0.098

  

Currently on pain medication (Yes vs. No)

0.88 (0.20–1.57)

0.012

1.14 (0.48–1.81)

< 0.001

Cohort (VIDUS vs. ACCESS)

0.77 (0.08–1.46)

0.029

  
  1. a Denotes activities/events within the 24 h prior to the participant’s interview
  2. b Denotes activities/events within the week prior to the participant’s interview
  3. c Denotes activities/events within the month prior to the participant’s interview
  4. c Denotes activities/events within the 6 months prior to the participant’s interview
  5. α In an additional sensitivity analysis excluding PTSD and anxiety in an adjusted model, the estimates for the remaining variables were: depressive symptoms (β = 1.46 [95% CI: 0.68–2.23], p < 0.001), ≥ daily stimulant use (β = 0.69 [95% CI: 0.01–1.37], p = 0.049), overdose (β = 1.08 [95% CI: 1.12–2.03], p = 0.028), currently on pain medication (β = 1.15 [95% CI: 0.48–1.81], p < 0.001)
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BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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