Variables | Loneliness groups | Â | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Persistent loneliness group (Group 1) | Intermittent loneliness group (Group 2) | Never loneliness group (Group 3) |  | ||||
 | Mean (SD) or % | N | Mean (SD) or % | N | Mean (SD) or % | N | P value | 95% CI |
Age | 40.90 (11.49) | 36 | 36.54 (12.25) | 75 | 41.95 (12.68) | 113 | Group 1 vs. Group 3: 0.66 Group 2 vs. Group 3: 0.004b Group 1 vs. Group 2: 0.08 | Group 1 (37.01, 44.79) Group 2 (33.72, 39.36) Group 3 (39.58, 44.31) |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.25 | Â |
 Male | 27.78% | 10 | 44.00% | 33 | 40.71% | 46 |  |  |
 Female | 72.22% | 26 | 5.00% | 42 | 59.29% | 67 |  |  |
Ethnicity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.77 | Â |
 White British/Irish/other | 62.86% | 22 | 56.00% | 42 | 65.49% | 74 |  |  |
 Black, Black British/Caribbean/African/other | 17.14% | 6 | 25.33% | 19 | 20.35% | 23 |  |  |
 Asian, Asian British/Indian/ Pakistani/Bangladeshi/ other, Chinese | 11.43% | 4 | 9.33% | 7 | 5.31% | 6 |  |  |
 Mixed White/Black Caribbean, mixed White/Black African, mixed White/Asian, other mixed, other ethnic groups | 8.57% | 3 | 9.33% | 7 | 8.85% | 10 |  |  |
Marital status |  |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  |
 Single/Separated/divorced/widowed | 88.89% | 32 | 86.87% | 65 | 61.95% | 70 |  |  |
 Married/Cohabiting | 11.11% | 4 | 13.33% | 10 | 38.05% | 43 |  |  |
UK born | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.99 | Â |
 No | 25.71% | 9 | 24.332% | 18 | 25.00% | 28 |  |  |
 Yes | 74.29% | 26 | 75.68% | 56 | 75.00% | 84 |  |  |
Housing | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.49 | Â |
 Permanent/supported accommodation | 100% | 36 | 96.00% | 72 | 96.46% | 109 |  |  |
 Unstable accommodation | 0% | 0 | 4.00% | 3 | 3.54% | 4 |  |  |
Contact with children under 16 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.78 | Â |
 No contact | 2.78% | 1 | 8.00% | 6 | 6.19% | 7 |  |  |
 Contact with dependent children | 27.78% | 10 | 20.00% | 15 | 22.12% | 25 |  |  |
 Having no children | 69.44% | 25 | 72.00% | 54 | 71.68% | 81 |  |  |
Educational attainment | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.11 | Â |
 No qualification | 2.71% | 9 | 13.33% | 10 | 13.27% | 15 |  |  |
 Other qualification | 37.14% | 13 | 60.00% | 45 | 48.67% | 55 |  |  |
 Degree | 37.14% | 13 | 26.67% | 20 | 38.05% | 43 |  |  |
Employment/education status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.002 | Â |
 Not in employment/education/full time caring role | 68.57% | 24 | 46.58% | 34 | 34.51% | 39 |  |  |
 Yes | 31.43% | 11 | 53.42% | 39 | 65.49% | 74 |  |  |
Baseline loneliness score | 27.77 (2.13) | 36 | 23.52 (3.76) | 75 | 19.28 (3.15) | 113 | Group 1 vs. Group 3: <.001 Group 2 vs. Group 3: <.001 Group 1 vs. Group 2: <.001 | Group 1 (27.05, 28.49) Group 2 (22.66, 24.39) Group 3 (18.69, 19.87) |
Baseline social network size | 3.19 (2.10) | 36 | 4.73 (2.37) | 75 | 5.69 (1.93) | 113 | Group 1 vs. Group 3: <.001 Group 2 vs. Group 3: 0.003 Group 1 vs. Group 2: 0.001 | Group 1 (2.49, 3.90) Group 2 (4.19, 5.28) Group 3 (5.33, 6.05) |
Numbers of psychiatric inpatient hospitalisations | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.49 | Â |
 Never | 69.44% | 25 | 64.00% | 48 | 59.29% | 67 |  |  |
 Once | 19.44% | 7 | 13.33% | 10 | 15.93% | 18 |  |  |
 More than 2 times | 11.11% | 4 | 22.67% | 17 | 24.78% | 28 |  |  |
Number of years since first contact mental health services | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.08 | Â |
 Less than 3 months | 5.56% | 2 | 18.67% | 14 | 17.70% | 20 |  |  |
 3 months – 2 years | 5.56% | 2 | 22.67% | 17 | 15.04% | 17 |  |  |
 2–10 years | 41.67% | 15 | 32.00% | 24 | 32.74% | 37 |  |  |
 More than 10 years | 47.22% | 17 | 26.67% | 20 | 34.51% | 39 |  |  |
Current diagnosis | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.09 | Â |
 Psychosis or bipolar disordersc | 19.44% | 7 | 21.92% | 16 | 39.09% | 43 |  |  |
 Depression or anxiety disordersd | 36.11% | 13 | 30.14% | 22 | 21.82% | 24 |  |  |
 Personality disorderse | 16.67% | 6 | 13.70% | 10 | 8.18% | 9 |  |  |
 Other diagnosis | 27.78% | 10 | 34.25% | 25 | 30.91% | 34 |  |  |
Baseline BPRS total score | 51.19 (12.62) | 36 | 44.77 (9.33) | 75 | 39.79 (9.23) | 112 | Group 1 vs. Group 3: <.001 Group 2 vs. Group 3: 0.0004 Group 1 vs. Group 2: 0.003 | Group 1 (46.93, 55.46) Group 2 (42.63, 46.92) Group 3 (38.06, 41.51) |
Baseline QPR total score | 35.06 (13.92) | 36 | 49.59 (16.83) | 75 | 57.43 (15.65) | 113 | Group 1 vs. Group 3: <.001 Group 2 vs. Group 3: 0.0013 Group 1 vs. Group 2: <.001 | Group 1 (30.34, 39.77) Group 2 (45.71, 53.46) Group 3 (54.52, 60.35) |