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Table 3 The comparison of baseline variables between three objective social isolation groupsa

From: Trajectories of loneliness and objective social isolation and associations between persistent loneliness and self-reported personal recovery in a cohort of secondary mental health service users in the UK

Variables

Objective social isolation groups

 
 

Persistent social isolation group

(Group 1)

Intermittent social isolation group

(Group 2)

Never social isolation group

(Group 3)

 
 

Mean (SD) or %

N

Mean (SD) or %

N

Mean (SD) or %

N

P value

95% CI

Age

43.76 (10.06)

28

40.29 (11.9)

72

38.92 (13.26)

124

Group 1 vs. Group 3: 0.07

Group 2 vs. Group 3: 0.47

Group 1 vs. Group 2: 0.18

Group 1 (39.86, 47.66)

Group 2 (37.48, 43.10)

Group 3 (36.57, 41.28)

Gender

      

0.23

 

 Male

25%

7

43.06%

31

41.13%

51

  

 Female

75%

21

56.94%

41

58.87%

73

  

Ethnicity

      

0.75

 

 White British/Irish/other

50%

14

59.15%

42

66.13%

82

  

 Black, Black British/Caribbean/African/other

28.57%

8

22.54%

16

19.35%

24

  

 Asian, Asian British/Indian/ Pakistani/Bangladeshi/ other, Chinese

7.14%

2

8.45%

6

7.26%

9

  

 Mixed White/Black Caribbean, mixed White/Black African, mixed White/Asian, other mixed, other ethnic groups

14.29%

4

9.86%

7

7.26%

9

  

Marital status

      

0.06

 

 Single/Separated/divorced/widowed

78.57%

22

83.33%

60

68.55%

85

  

 Married/ Cohabiting

21.43%

6

16.67%

12

31.45%

39

  

UK born

      

0.02b

 

 No

42.86%

12

28.17%

20

18.85%

23

  

 Yes

57.14%

16

71.83%

51

81.25%

99

  

Housing

     

0.59

 

 Permanent/supported accommodation

96.43%

27

98.61%

71

95.97%

119

  

 Unstable accommodation

3.57%

1

1.39%

1

4.03%

5

  

Contact with children under 16

     

0.88

 

 No contact

7.14%

2

5.56%

4

6.45%

8

  

 Contact with dependent children

17.86%

5

26.39%

19

20.97%

26

  

 Having no children

75.00%

21

68.06%

49

72.58%

90

  

Educational attainment

     

0.18

 

 No qualification

28.57%

8

15.49%

11

12.10%

15

  

 Other qualification

35.71%

10

47.89%

34

55.65%

69

  

 Degree

35.71%

10

36.62%

26

32.26%

40

  

Employment/education status

      

0.01

 

 Not in employment/education/full time caring role

67.86%

19

47.14%

33

36.59%

45

  

 Yes

32.14%

9

52.86%

37

63.41%

78

  

Baseline loneliness score

26.07 (3.78)

28

22.65 (4.31)

72

20.82 (4.19)

124

Group 1 vs. Group 3: <.001

Group 2 vs. Group 3: 0.004

Group 1 vs. Group 2: 0.0004

Group 1 (24.61, 27.54)

Group 2 (21.64, 23.66)

Group 3 (20.08, 21.57)

Baseline social network size

1.75 (0.97)

28

3.76 (1.78)

72

6.40 (1.50)

124

Group 1 vs. Group 3: <.001

Group 2 vs. Group 3: <.001

Group 1 vs. Group 2: <.001

Group 1 (1.38, 2.12)

Group 2 (3.35, 4.18)

Group 3 (6.13, 6.66)

Numbers of psychiatric inpatient hospitalisations

      

0.001

 

 Never

82.14%

23

45.83%

33

67.74%

84

  

 Once

14.29%

4

16.67%

12

15.32%

19

  

More than 2 times

3.57%

1

37.50%

27

16.94%

21

  

Number of years since first contact mental health services

      

0.08

 

 Less than 3 months

17.86%

5

13.89%

10

16.94%

21

  

 3 months – 2 years

17.86%

5

13.89%

10

16.94%

21

  

 2–10 years

32.14%

9

23.61%

17

40.32%

50

  

 More than 10 years

32.14%

9

48.61%

35

25.81%

32

  

Current diagnosis

      

0.03

 

 Psychosis or bipolar disorder c

14.81%

4

39.44%

28

28.10%

34

  

 Depression or anxiety disordersd

37.04%

10

25.35%

18

25.62%

31

  

 Personality disorderse

25.93%

7

9.86%

7

9.09%

11

  

 Other diagnosis

22.22%

6

25.35%

18

37.19%

45

  

Baseline BPRS total score

49.21 (10.82)

28

44.68 (11.48)

71

41.19 (9.54)

124

Group 1 vs. Group 3: 0.0001

Group 2 vs. Group 3: 0.02

Group 1 vs. Group 2: 0.08

Group 1 (45.02, 53.41)

Group 2 (41.96, 47.39)

Group 3 (39.49, 42.88)

Baseline QPR total score

41.54 (15.74)

28

50.71 (17.44)

72

53.69 (17.46)

124

Group 1 vs. Group 3: 0.001

Group 2 vs. Group 3: 0.25

Group 1 vs. Group 2: 0.02

Group 1 (45.02, 53.41)

Group 2 (50.58, 56.79)

Group 3 (41.96, 47.39)

  1. Abbreviations: SD standard deviation, CI confidence interval, N number of participants, BPRS the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, QPR the Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery
  2. a. t-test and chi-square test were conducted to examine the differences in baseline characteristics between three objective social isolation groups
  3. b. significant p-values are marked in bold
  4. c. Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder or bipolar affective disorder or other psychosis
  5. d. Depression or Anxiety disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder
  6. e. Borderline or emotionally unstable personality disorder or other personality disorder
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BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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