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Table 5 Linear regression between objective social isolation groups and 18-month QPR, controlling for baseline variablesª

From: Trajectories of loneliness and objective social isolation and associations between persistent loneliness and self-reported personal recovery in a cohort of secondary mental health service users in the UK

Variables

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

 

Coef.

(95% CI)

P- value

Coef.

(95% CI)

P-value

Coef.

(95% CI)

p-value

Coef.

(95% CI)

P-value

Coef.

(95% CI)

p-value

Social isolation group

 Never socially isolated group

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Intermittently socially isolated group

−3.53

(−7.68, .62)

0.10

−1.75

(−5.80, 2.30)

0.40

−0.64

(− 4.77, 3.48)

0.76

−2.13

(−6.37, 2.12)

0.33

−2.23

(−6.32, 1.85)

0.28

 Persistently socially isolated group

−16.35

(−22.18, − 10.53)

<.001b

−11.17

(− 17.19, − 5.16)

<.001

−10.63

(− 4.77, 3.48)

0.001

− 10.75

(− 16.93, − 4.57)

0.001

−9.75

(− 15.71, − 3.79)

0.001

Psychosocial variable

 Loneliness score

    

−.878

(− 1.33, −.43)

<.001

− 0.52

(− 1.01, −.04)

0.04

− 0.12

(−.63, .38)

0.63

Sociodemographic variables

 Age (years)

    

0.06

(−.10, .22)

0.45

0.02

(−.14, .18)

0.80

−.05

(−.22, .11)

0.51

 Gender (Reference – male)

    

−.37

(−4.22, 3.48)

0.85

0.52

(−3.29, 4.34)

0.79

1.23

(−2.46, 4.92)

0.51

Ethnicity

 White British/Irish/other

    

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Black, Black British/Caribbean/African/other

    

2.51

(−2.08, 7.09)

0.28

2.55

(−1.99, 7.09)

0.27

0.73

(−3.73, .18)

0.75

 Asian, Asian British/Indian/ Pakistani/Bangladeshi/ other, Chinese

    

0.89

(−6.33, 8.11)

0.81

−1.60

(−8.81, 5.61)

0.66

−1.92

(−8.85, 5.02)

0.59

 Mixed White/Black Caribbean, mixed White/Black African, mixed White/Asian, other mixed, other ethnic groups

    

−1.62

(−8.22, 4.97)

0.63

−1.55

(−8.18, 5.08)

0.65

−3.47

(−9.91, 2.98)

0.29

 Employment/education status (Reference - not in employment/ education)

    

4.09

(−.08, 8.25)

0.054

3.86

(−.31, 8.04)

0.07

3.08

(−.95, 7.11)

0.13

Educational attainment

 No qualification

    

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Other qualifications

    

1.30

(−4.37, 6.97)

0.65

0.59

(−5.04, 6.22)

0.84

.30

(−5.12, 5.71)

0.91

 Degree

    

1.89

(−4.19, 7.98)

0.54

1.26

(−4.78, 7.29)

0.68

1.36

(−4.45, 7.16)

0.65

Psychiatric variables

 Number of psychiatric inpatient hospitalisations

  Never

      

Reference

 

Reference

 

  Once

      

2.06

(−3.00, 7.12)

0.42

2.31

(−2.57, 7.18)

0.35

  More than 2 times

      

4.92

(−.13, 9.96)

0.056

4.50

(−.36, 9.35)

0.07

 Number of years since first contact with mental health services

  Less than 3 months

      

Reference

 

Reference

 

  3 months - 2 years

      

−3.77

(−10.29, 2.75)

0.26

−4.86

(−11.14, 1.43)

0.13

  2–10 years

      

−9.31

(−14.97, −3.64)

0.001

−9.56

(− 15.01, − 4.12)

0.001

  More than 10 years

      

−4.56

(−10.49, 1.38)

0.13

−5.90

(− 11.64, −.15)

0.04

Baseline BPRS total score

      

−0.20

(−.41, .0002)

0.050

−0.17

(−.36, .03)

0.10

Baseline QPR total score

        

0.26

(.14, .38)

<.001

R2 adjusted

0.115

0.188

0.182

0.227

0.285

  1. Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, N number of participants, BPRS the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, QPR the Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery; R2 adjusted = adjusted- R2
  2. a. multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted with QPR at 18-month follow-up as dependent variable and other factors as independent variables
  3. b. significant p-values are marked in bold