Variables | Total n (%) | No PPD | PPD symptoms | P value | No PP-PTSD | PP-PTSD symptoms | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-demorgraphic characteristics | |||||||
 Age |  |  |  | 0.066 |  |  | 0.404 |
   < 35 years | 983 (86.5) | 743 (85.5) | 240 (89.9) |  | 921 (86.3) | 62 (89.9) |  |
   ≥ 35 years | 153 (13.5) | 126 (14.5) | 27 (10.1) |  | 146 (13.7) | 7 (10.1) |  |
 Household registration location |  |  |  | 0.002 |  |  | 0.005 |
  non-Shanghai | 801 (70.5) | 593 (68.2) | 208 (77.9) |  | 742 (69.5) | 59 (85.5) |  |
  Shanghai | 335 (29.5) | 276 (31.8) | 59 (22.1) |  | 325 (30.5) | 10 (14.5) |  |
 Ethnicity |  |  |  | 0.019 |  |  | 0.016 |
  non-Han | 14 (1.2) | 7 (0.8) | 7 (2.6) |  | 11 (1.0) | 3 (4.3) |  |
  Han | 1122 (98.8) | 862 (99.2) | 260 (97.4) |  | 1056 (99.0) | 66 (95.7) |  |
 Education level |  |  |  | 0.300 |  |  | 0.067 |
  primary education | 46 (4.0) | 35 (4.0) | 11 (4.1) |  | 41 (3.8) | 5 (7.2) |  |
  secondary education | 129 (11.4) | 98 (11.3) | 31 (11.6) |  | 116 (10.9) | 13 (18.8) |  |
  bachelor | 764 (67.3) | 575 (66.2) | 189 (70.8) |  | 721 (67.6) | 43 (62.3) |  |
  master or above | 197 (17.3) | 161 (18.5) | 36 (13.5) |  | 189 (17.7) | 8 (11.6) |  |
 Employment |  |  |  | 0.162 |  |  | 0.328 |
  unemployed / housewife | 431 (37.9) | 320 (36.8) | 111 (41.6) |  | 401 (37.6) | 30 (43.5) |  |
  employed | 705 (62.1) | 549 (63.2) | 156 (58.4) |  | 666 (62.4) | 39 (56.5) |  |
 The only child |  |  |  | <  0.001 |  |  | 0.001 |
  no | 657 (57.8) | 477 (54.9) | 180 (67.4) |  | 604 (56.6) | 53 (76.8) |  |
  yes | 479 (42.2) | 392 (45.1) | 87 (32.6) |  | 463 (43.4) | 16 (23.2) |  |
 Cigarette smoking |  |  |  | >  0.999 a |  |  | >  0.999 a |
  no | 1134 (99.8) | 867 (99.8) | 267 (100.0) |  | 1065 (99.8) | 69 (100.0) |  |
  yes | 2 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) |  | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) |  |
 Sleep quality |  |  |  | <  0.001 |  |  | <  0.001 |
  low | 78 (6.9) | 42 (4.8) | 36 (13.5) |  | 64 (6.0) | 14 (20.3) |  |
  medium | 634 (55.8) | 466 (53.6) | 168 (62.9) |  | 597 (56.0) | 37 (53.6) |  |
  high | 424 (37.3) | 361 (41.5) | 63 (23.6) |  | 406 (38.1) | 18 (26.1) |  |
 Social support |  |  |  | <  0.001 |  |  | <  0.001 |
  low (PSSS score 12–36) | 22 (1.9) | 3 (0.3) | 19 (7.1) |  | 15 (1.4) | 7 (10.1) |  |
  medium (PSSS score 37–60) | 357 (31.4) | 203 (23.4) | 154 (57.7) |  | 312 (29.2) | 45 (65.2) |  |
  high (PSSS score 61–84) | 757 (66.6) | 663 (76.3) | 94 (35.2) |  | 740 (69.4) | 17 (24.6) |  |
Pregnancy-related characteristics | |||||||
 Parity |  |  |  | 0.750 |  |  | 0.554 |
  primiparous | 821 (72.3) | 626 (72.0) | 195 (73.0) |  | 769 (72.1) | 52 (75.4) |  |
  multiparous | 315 (27.7) | 243 (28.0) | 72 (27.0) |  | 298 (27.9) | 17 (24.6) |  |
 Planned pregnancy |  |  |  | 0.069 |  |  | 0.071 |
  no | 276 (24.3) | 200 (23.0) | 76 (28.5) |  | 253 (23.7) | 23 (33.3) |  |
  yes | 860 (75.7) | 669 (77.0) | 191 (71.5) |  | 814 (76.3) | 46 (66.7) |  |
 Histories of abnormal pregnancy |  |  |  | 0.333 |  |  | 0.851 |
  no | 1107 (97.4) | 849 (97.7) | 258 (96.6) |  | 1040 (97.5) | 67 (97.1) |  |
  yes | 29 (2.6) | 20 (2.3) | 9 (3.4) |  | 27 (2.5) | 2 (2.9) |  |
 Mode of birth |  |  |  | 0.633 |  |  | 0.296 |
  normal birth | 709 (62.4) | 540 (62.1) | 169 (63.3) |  | 670 (62.8) | 39 (56.5) |  |
  instrumental birth | 15 (1.3) | 13 (1.5) | 2 (0.7) |  | 15 (35.8) | 0 (0.0) |  |
  cesarean section | 412 (36.3) | 316 (36.4) | 96 (36.0) |  | 382 (1.4) | 30 (43.5) |  |
Newborn-related characteristics | |||||||
 Baby gender |  |  |  | 0.854 |  |  | 0.496 |
  boy | 597 (52.6) | 458 (52.7) | 139 (52.1) |  | 558 (52.3) | 39 (56.5) |  |
  girl | 539 (47.4) | 411 (47.3) | 128 (47.9) |  | 509 (47.7) | 30 (43.5) |  |
 Weight of neonate |  |  |  | 0.812 |  |  | 0.556 |
  low birthweight (1500-2499 g) | 28 (2.5) | 20 (2.3) | 8 (3.0) |  | 25 (2.3) | 3 (4.3) |  |
  normal birthweight (2500-3999 g) | 1034 (91.0) | 792 (91.1) | 242 (90.6) |  | 973 (91.2) | 61 (88.4) |  |
  fetal macrosomia (≥4000 g) | 74 (6.5) | 57 (6.6) | 17 (6.4) |  | 69 (6.5) | 5 (7.2) |  |
 Gestational age |  |  |  | 0.857a |  |  | 0.964 a |
  preterm (28–36+ 6 weeks) | 47 (4.1) | 36 (4.1) | 11 (4.1) |  | 44 (4.1) | 3 (4.3) |  |
  full term (37–41+ 6 weeks) | 1088 (95.8) | 832 (95.7) | 256 (95.9) |  | 1022 (95.8) | 66 (95.7) |  |
  postdates (≥42 weeks) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) |  | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) |  |
 Apgar score in 1 min |  |  |  | 0.007a |  |  | 0.033a |
  0–3 (severe asphyxia) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) |  | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.4) |  |
  4–7 (mild asphyxia) | 8 (0.7) | 3 (0.3) | 5 (1.9) |  | 7 (0.7) | 1 (1.4) |  |
  8–10 (no asphyxia) | 1127 (99.2) | 866 (99.7) | 261 (97.8) |  | 1060 (99.3) | 67 (97.1) |  |
 Apgar score in 5 min |  |  |  | 0.235a |  |  | 0.061a |
  4–7 (mild asphyxia) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) |  | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.4) |  |
  8–10 (severe asphyxia) | 1135 (99.9) | 869 (100.0) | 266 (99.6) |  | 1067 (100.0) | 68 (98.6) |  |
 NICU admission |  |  |  | 0.099 |  |  | 0.177 |
  no | 983 (86.5) | 760 (87.5) | 233 (83.5) |  | 927 (86.9) | 56 (81.2) |  |
  yes | 153 (13.5) | 109 (12.5) | 44 (16.5) |  | 140 (13.1) | 13 (18.8) |  |
 Incubator admission |  |  |  | 0.017 |  |  | 0.261a |
  no | 1075 (94.6) | 830 (95.5) | 245 (91.8) |  | 1012 (94.8) | 63 (91.3) |  |
  yes | 61 (5.4) | 39 (4.5) | 22 (8.2) |  | 55 (5.2) | 6 (8.7) |  |
 Hyperbilirubinemia |  |  |  | 0.550 |  |  | 0.065a |
  no | 1088 (95.8) | 834 (96.0) | 254 (95.1) |  | 1025 (96.1) | 63 (91.3) |  |
  yes | 48 (4.2) | 35 (4.0) | 13 (4.9) |  | 42 (3.9) | 6 (8.7) |  |
Psychosocial characteristics | |||||||
 PPD symptoms |  |  |  |  |  |  | <  0.001 |
  no (EPDS score < 13) | 869 (76.5) |  |  |  | 855 (80.1) | 14 (20.3) |  |
  yes (EPDS score ≥ 13) | 267 (23.5) |  |  |  | 212 (19.9) | 55 (79.7) |  |
 PP-PTSD symptoms |  |  |  | <  0.001 |  |  |  |
  no (PPQ score < 19) | 1067 (93.9) | 855 (98.4) | 212 (79.4) |  |  |  |  |
  yes (PPQ score ≥ 19) | 69 (6.1) | 14 (1.6) | 55 (20.6) |  |  |  |  |