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Table 1 Characteristics of the participants (N = 1136)

From: Postpartum depression and postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder: prevalence and associated factors

Variables

Total n (%)

No PPD

PPD symptoms

P value

No PP-PTSD

PP-PTSD symptoms

P value

Socio-demorgraphic characteristics

 Age

   

0.066

  

0.404

   < 35 years

983 (86.5)

743 (85.5)

240 (89.9)

 

921 (86.3)

62 (89.9)

 

   ≥ 35 years

153 (13.5)

126 (14.5)

27 (10.1)

 

146 (13.7)

7 (10.1)

 

 Household registration location

   

0.002

  

0.005

  non-Shanghai

801 (70.5)

593 (68.2)

208 (77.9)

 

742 (69.5)

59 (85.5)

 

  Shanghai

335 (29.5)

276 (31.8)

59 (22.1)

 

325 (30.5)

10 (14.5)

 

 Ethnicity

   

0.019

  

0.016

  non-Han

14 (1.2)

7 (0.8)

7 (2.6)

 

11 (1.0)

3 (4.3)

 

  Han

1122 (98.8)

862 (99.2)

260 (97.4)

 

1056 (99.0)

66 (95.7)

 

 Education level

   

0.300

  

0.067

  primary education

46 (4.0)

35 (4.0)

11 (4.1)

 

41 (3.8)

5 (7.2)

 

  secondary education

129 (11.4)

98 (11.3)

31 (11.6)

 

116 (10.9)

13 (18.8)

 

  bachelor

764 (67.3)

575 (66.2)

189 (70.8)

 

721 (67.6)

43 (62.3)

 

  master or above

197 (17.3)

161 (18.5)

36 (13.5)

 

189 (17.7)

8 (11.6)

 

 Employment

   

0.162

  

0.328

  unemployed / housewife

431 (37.9)

320 (36.8)

111 (41.6)

 

401 (37.6)

30 (43.5)

 

  employed

705 (62.1)

549 (63.2)

156 (58.4)

 

666 (62.4)

39 (56.5)

 

 The only child

   

<  0.001

  

0.001

  no

657 (57.8)

477 (54.9)

180 (67.4)

 

604 (56.6)

53 (76.8)

 

  yes

479 (42.2)

392 (45.1)

87 (32.6)

 

463 (43.4)

16 (23.2)

 

 Cigarette smoking

   

>  0.999 a

  

>  0.999 a

  no

1134 (99.8)

867 (99.8)

267 (100.0)

 

1065 (99.8)

69 (100.0)

 

  yes

2 (0.2)

2 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

 

2 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

 

 Sleep quality

   

<  0.001

  

<  0.001

  low

78 (6.9)

42 (4.8)

36 (13.5)

 

64 (6.0)

14 (20.3)

 

  medium

634 (55.8)

466 (53.6)

168 (62.9)

 

597 (56.0)

37 (53.6)

 

  high

424 (37.3)

361 (41.5)

63 (23.6)

 

406 (38.1)

18 (26.1)

 

 Social support

   

<  0.001

  

<  0.001

  low (PSSS score 12–36)

22 (1.9)

3 (0.3)

19 (7.1)

 

15 (1.4)

7 (10.1)

 

  medium (PSSS score 37–60)

357 (31.4)

203 (23.4)

154 (57.7)

 

312 (29.2)

45 (65.2)

 

  high (PSSS score 61–84)

757 (66.6)

663 (76.3)

94 (35.2)

 

740 (69.4)

17 (24.6)

 

Pregnancy-related characteristics

 Parity

   

0.750

  

0.554

  primiparous

821 (72.3)

626 (72.0)

195 (73.0)

 

769 (72.1)

52 (75.4)

 

  multiparous

315 (27.7)

243 (28.0)

72 (27.0)

 

298 (27.9)

17 (24.6)

 

 Planned pregnancy

   

0.069

  

0.071

  no

276 (24.3)

200 (23.0)

76 (28.5)

 

253 (23.7)

23 (33.3)

 

  yes

860 (75.7)

669 (77.0)

191 (71.5)

 

814 (76.3)

46 (66.7)

 

 Histories of abnormal pregnancy

   

0.333

  

0.851

  no

1107 (97.4)

849 (97.7)

258 (96.6)

 

1040 (97.5)

67 (97.1)

 

  yes

29 (2.6)

20 (2.3)

9 (3.4)

 

27 (2.5)

2 (2.9)

 

 Mode of birth

   

0.633

  

0.296

  normal birth

709 (62.4)

540 (62.1)

169 (63.3)

 

670 (62.8)

39 (56.5)

 

  instrumental birth

15 (1.3)

13 (1.5)

2 (0.7)

 

15 (35.8)

0 (0.0)

 

  cesarean section

412 (36.3)

316 (36.4)

96 (36.0)

 

382 (1.4)

30 (43.5)

 

Newborn-related characteristics

 Baby gender

   

0.854

  

0.496

  boy

597 (52.6)

458 (52.7)

139 (52.1)

 

558 (52.3)

39 (56.5)

 

  girl

539 (47.4)

411 (47.3)

128 (47.9)

 

509 (47.7)

30 (43.5)

 

 Weight of neonate

   

0.812

  

0.556

  low birthweight (1500-2499 g)

28 (2.5)

20 (2.3)

8 (3.0)

 

25 (2.3)

3 (4.3)

 

  normal birthweight (2500-3999 g)

1034 (91.0)

792 (91.1)

242 (90.6)

 

973 (91.2)

61 (88.4)

 

  fetal macrosomia (≥4000 g)

74 (6.5)

57 (6.6)

17 (6.4)

 

69 (6.5)

5 (7.2)

 

 Gestational age

   

0.857a

  

0.964 a

  preterm (28–36+ 6 weeks)

47 (4.1)

36 (4.1)

11 (4.1)

 

44 (4.1)

3 (4.3)

 

  full term (37–41+ 6 weeks)

1088 (95.8)

832 (95.7)

256 (95.9)

 

1022 (95.8)

66 (95.7)

 

  postdates (≥42 weeks)

1 (0.1)

1 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

 

1 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

 

 Apgar score in 1 min

   

0.007a

  

0.033a

  0–3 (severe asphyxia)

1 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.4)

 

0 (0.0)

1 (1.4)

 

  4–7 (mild asphyxia)

8 (0.7)

3 (0.3)

5 (1.9)

 

7 (0.7)

1 (1.4)

 

  8–10 (no asphyxia)

1127 (99.2)

866 (99.7)

261 (97.8)

 

1060 (99.3)

67 (97.1)

 

 Apgar score in 5 min

   

0.235a

  

0.061a

  4–7 (mild asphyxia)

1 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.4)

 

0 (0.0)

1 (1.4)

 

  8–10 (severe asphyxia)

1135 (99.9)

869 (100.0)

266 (99.6)

 

1067 (100.0)

68 (98.6)

 

 NICU admission

   

0.099

  

0.177

  no

983 (86.5)

760 (87.5)

233 (83.5)

 

927 (86.9)

56 (81.2)

 

  yes

153 (13.5)

109 (12.5)

44 (16.5)

 

140 (13.1)

13 (18.8)

 

 Incubator admission

   

0.017

  

0.261a

  no

1075 (94.6)

830 (95.5)

245 (91.8)

 

1012 (94.8)

63 (91.3)

 

  yes

61 (5.4)

39 (4.5)

22 (8.2)

 

55 (5.2)

6 (8.7)

 

 Hyperbilirubinemia

   

0.550

  

0.065a

  no

1088 (95.8)

834 (96.0)

254 (95.1)

 

1025 (96.1)

63 (91.3)

 

  yes

48 (4.2)

35 (4.0)

13 (4.9)

 

42 (3.9)

6 (8.7)

 

Psychosocial characteristics

 PPD symptoms

      

<  0.001

  no (EPDS score < 13)

869 (76.5)

   

855 (80.1)

14 (20.3)

 

  yes (EPDS score ≥ 13)

267 (23.5)

   

212 (19.9)

55 (79.7)

 

 PP-PTSD symptoms

   

<  0.001

   

  no (PPQ score < 19)

1067 (93.9)

855 (98.4)

212 (79.4)

    

  yes (PPQ score ≥ 19)

69 (6.1)

14 (1.6)

55 (20.6)

    
  1. a: Fisher’s exact probability test.
  2. Bold values indicate statistical significance at a P <  0.05.
  3. PPD Postpartum depression, PP-PTSD Postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder, PSSS Perceived Social Support Scale, EPDS Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, PPQ Perinatal Post-traumatic Stress Questionnaire.