Table 1 Comparisons of sociodemographic factors and clinical scales according to the presence of depression
| Â | Total | Depression (+) | Depression (-) | Statistics | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N=1492) | (N=312, 20.9%) | (N=1180, 79.1%) | |||
Sex, n (%), Female | 748 (50.1) | 158 (50.6) | 590 (50.0) | χ2 = 0.041 | .840 |
Age, mean (SD), years | 40.3 (11.8) | 37.5 (11.2) | 41.0 (11.9) | t = 4.654 | <.001 |
Region, n (%) | |||||
 Capital area | 500 (33.5) | 112 (35.9) | 388 (32.9) | χ2 = 3.257 | .196 |
 Daegu | 493 (33.0) | 109 (34.9) | 384 (32.5) | ||
 Gwangju | 499 (33.4) | 91 (29.2) | 408 (34.6) | ||
Marital status, n (%), Unmarried | 755 (50.6) | 199 (63.8) | 556 (47.1) | χ2 = 27.411 | <.001 |
Education, n (%), High school graduate/dropout or less | 255 (17.1) | 62 (19.9) | 193 (16.4) | χ2 = 2.153 | .142 |
Occupational type, n (%), Unemployed or temporary workers | 305 (20.4) | 93 (29.8) | 212 (18.0) | χ2 = 21.275 | <.001 |
Medical security, n (%), Medicaid | 69 (4.6) | 20 (6.4) | 49 (4.2) | χ2 = 2.852 | .091 |
Religious status, n (%), yes | 580 (38.9) | 110 (35.3) | 470 (39.8) | χ2 = 2.173 | .140 |
Smoking status, n (%), yes | 318 (21.3) | 88 (28.2) | 230 (19.5) | χ2 = 11.171 | .001 |
Underlying mental illness, n (%), yes | 67 (4.5) | 27 (8.7) | 40 (3.4) | χ2 = 15.942 | <.001 |
Underlying physical illness, n (%), yes | 398 (26.7) | 77 (24.7) | 321 (27.2) | χ2 = 0.804 | .370 |
Quarantine experience, n (%), yes | 33 (2.2) | 11 (3.5) | 22 (1.9) | χ2 = 3.148 | .076 |
Frequency of exercise | |||||
 Three times or more per week before COVID-19 pandemic, n (%) | 891 (59.7) | 191 (61.2) | 700 (59.3) | χ2 = 0.369 | .544 |
 Three times or more per week during COVID-19 pandemic, n (%) | 464 (31.1) | 71 (22.8) | 393 (33.3) | χ2 = 12.814 | <.001 |
COVID-19-related questionnaire | |||||
 Stress associated with the COVID-19 pandemic | 18.2 (4.6) | 20.2 (4.5) | 17.7 (4.5) | t = -8.754 | <.001 |
 Fear of COVID-19 infection | 3.8 (0.7) | 3.9 (0.8) | 3.8 (0.7) | t = -2.764 | .006 |
 Difficulty in outside activities | 4.2 (0.6) | 4.3 (0.6) | 4.2 (0.6) | t = -0.619 | .536 |
 Disturbance in eating and sleeping | 2.8 (0.9) | 3.3 (0.9) | 2.7 (0.9) | t = -9.845 | <.001 |
 Stigma of COVID-19 | 2.9 (0.8) | 3.0 (0.8) | 2.8 (0.8) | t = -4.383 | <.001 |
 Fear of blame for COVID-19 infection | 3.6 (1.0) | 3.7 (0.1) | 3.5 (1.0) | t =- 3.049 | .002 |
Psychiatric scales | |||||
 UCLA loneliness scale-3 | 5.2 (1.7) | 6.7 (1.7) | 4.8 (1.5) | t =-17.959 | <.001 |
 Gratitude questionnaire-6 | 30.2 (6.1) | 26.9 (6.2) | 31.0 (5.7) | t = 10.970 | <.001 |