Factor structure and measurement invariance of the Chinese version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale among undergraduates and clinical patients

Table 1 Item Mapping for Tested Models

Item	Model A	Model B	Model C	Model D	Model E	Model F
1. I was bothered by things that usually don’t bother me.	SC	DA	DA	SC	DA	SC
2. I did not feel like eating; my appetite was poor.	SC	DA	DA	SC	SC	SC
3. I felt that I could not shake off the blues even with help from my family or friends.	DA	DA	DA	SC	DA	SG
4. I feel that I was just as good as other people.	PA	PA	PA	PA	PA	IP
5. I had trouble keeping my mind on what I was doing.	SC	DA	DA	SC	DA	SC
6.I felt depressed.	DA	DA	DA	SC	DA	SG
7. I felt that everything I did was an effort.	SC	DA	DA	SC	DA	SC
8. I feel hopeful about the future.	PA	PA	PA	PA	PA	PA
9. I thought my life had been a failure.	DA	DA	DA	SC	SC	DA
10. I felt fearful.	DA	DA	DA	SC	AI	DA
11. My sleep was restless.	SC	DA	DA	SC	DA	SC
12. I was happy.	PA	PA	PA	PA	PA	PA
13. I talked less than usual.	SC	DA	DA	DA	SC	SC
14. I felt lonely.	DA	DA	DA	DA	AI	DA
15. People were unfriendly.	IP	DA	IP	DA	IP	IP
16. I enjoyed life.	PA	PA	PA	PA	PA	PA
17. I had crying spells.	DA	DA	DA	DA	AI	SG
18. I felt sad.	DA	DA	DA	SC	DA	DA
19. I felt that people disliked me.	IP	DA	IP	DA	IP	IP
20. I could not get “going.”	SC	DA	DA	DA	SC	SC

NOTE. AI Alienation, da Depressed affect, IP Interpersonal problems, PA Positive affect, SC Somatic complaints, SG Sorrow/Grief. Model A:Radloff’s original four-factor model; Model B: two-factor model in which all negative items were combined into an independent factor and the remaining four positive items formed a second factor; Model C:three-factor model with depressed affect, positive affect and interpersonal problems; Model D: another three-factor model proposed by Wang et al. with depressed affect, positive affect and somatic complaints; Model E: five-factor model in Kim’s meta-analysis; Model F: another five-factor model in Kim’s meta-analysis

ISSN: 1471-244X