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Table 1 Associations between Rural-Urban levels of Birth place and Psychosis Phenotypes (N = 47,004)

From: Impact of urban birth and upbringing on expression of psychosis in a Chinese undergraduate population

 

Psychoticism

n = 1961 (4.2%)

Paranoia

n = 2572 (5.5%)

Schizotypal symptoms

n = 867 (1.8%)a

Nuclear syndrome

n = 116 (0.2%)

Diagnosed Schizophrenia

n = 63 (0.1%)

N (%)

OR (95%CI)

N (%)

OR (95%CI)

N (%)

OR (95%CI)

N (%)

OR

N (%)

OR (95%CI)

Birth Exposure

 Level 1 (Rural)

n = 24,479 (52.1%)

1112 (56.7)

Ref (1)

1346 (52.3)

Ref (1)

440 (50.8)

Ref (1)

59 (50.9)

Ref (1)

34 (54.0)

Ref (1)

 Level 2

n = 15,734 (33.5%)

580 (29.6)

0.80 (0.72–0.89)***

848 (33.0)

0.97 (0.89–1.06)

288 (33.2)

1.00 (0.86–1.16)

38 (32.7)

1.02 (0.67–1.53)

14 (22.2)

0.69 (0.37–1.29)

0.95 (0.85–1.07)

1.18 (1.07–1.30)***

1.26 (1.07–1.48)**

1.30 (0.85–1.98)

0.73 (0.39–1.38)

 Level 3 (Urban)

n = 6791 (14.4%)

269 (13.7)

0.86 (0.75–0.99)*

378 (14.7)

1.00 (0.89–1.13)

139 (16.0)

1.12 (0.93–1.36)

19 (16.4)

1.18 (0.70–1.98)

15 (23.8)

1.74 (0.94–3.22)

1.15 (0.99–1.34)

1.34 (1.18–1.53)***

1.59 (1.29–1.96)***

1.71 (1.00–2.93)

2.07 (1.10–3.87)*

  1. Adjusted for age and sex in the first row. Second row for each variable additionally adjusted for PHQ-9 score
  2. aNuclear syndrome excluded from analysis
  3. *P < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001