Skip to main content

Table 2 Distribution of Categorical measures of Psychosis Phenotypes, Depression, and Clinical diagnosis for level of outcome (n = n = 47,004)

From: Testing extra-linearity across a psychosis continuum

 

PEs level1

N = 13,978 (29·7%)

PEs level2

N = 23,567 (50·1%)

PEs level3

N = 6402 (13·6%)

PEs level4

N = 2118 (4·5%)

PEs level5

N = 939 (2·0%)

Deviation From Linearity

N (%)

OR

N (%)

OR (95%CI)

N (%)

OR (95%CI)

N (%)

OR (95%CI)

N (%)

OR (95%CI)

βa

χ2

P-value

Hallucinations and Delusions

n = 324 (0·7%)

0

(0·0)

–

0

(0·0)

–

23

(0·4)

1·00

(Ref)

87

(4·1)

11·94***$

(7·52–18·96)

214

(22·8)

82·52***$

(53·29–127·77)

–

–

–

 

–

 

–

 

1·00

(Ref)

 

12·98***$

(8·15–20·68)

 

101·83***$

(64·49–160·77)

–

–

–

Schizophrenia Nuclear Symptoms

n = 360 (0·8%)

0

(0·0)

–

0

(0·0)

–

10

(0·2)

1·00

(Ref)

48

(2·3)

14·87***$

(7·51–29·44)

302

(32·2)

303·68***$

(160·88–573·21)

–

–

–

 

–

 

–

 

1·00

(Ref)

 

7·10***$

(3·74–13·48)

 

127·81***$

(72·28–225·98)

–

–

–

Nuclear Symptoms and Depression

n = 85 (0·2%)

0

(0·0)

–

0

(0·0)

–

0

(0·0)

–

3

(0·1)

1·00

(Ref)

82

(8·7)

67·55***$

(21·28–214·37)

–

–

–

 

–

 

–

 

–

 

1·00

(Ref)

 

26·56***$

(8·18–86·21)

–

–

–

Depressive Disorder

n = 567 (1·2%)

24

(0·2)

1·00

(Ref)

50 (0·2)

1·24

(0·76–2·01)

103

(1·6)

9·57***$

(6·13–14·94)

144

(6·8)

42·83***$

(27·73–66·16)

246 (26·2)

208·41***$

(136·07–319·20)

0·58

166·12

< 0·001$

Diagnosed Schizophrenia

n = 63 (0·1%)

10

(0·07)

1·00

(Ref)

19

(0·08)

1·17

(0·54–2·52)

12

(0·2)

2·73*

(1·18–6·32)

8

(0·4)

5·48***$

(2·16–13·90)

14

(1·5)

22·16***$

(9·80–50·10)

0·43

22·06

< 0·001$

 

1·00

(Ref)

 

0·95

(0·44–2·06)

 

1·59

(0·66–3·86)

 

2·41

(0·86–6·74)

 

6·19***$

(2·11–18·17)

0·32

9·98

0·002$

Diagnosed Non-Psychotic Disorder

n = 2321 (4·9%)

258

(1·8)

1·00

(Ref)

907

(3·8)

2·16***$

(1·88–2·48)

604

(9·4)

5·61***$

(4·83–6·51)

332

(15·7)

9·99***$

(8·43–11·85)

220

(23·4)

16·52***$

(13·59–20·08)

0·14

51·13

< 0·001$

 

1·00

(Ref)

 

1·76***$

(1·52–2·03)

 

3·37***$

(2·87–3·96)

 

4·69***$

(3·87–5·68)

 

5·36***$

(4·23–6·80)

0·05

6·80

0·009

  1. Adjusted for age and sex· Second row for each variable additionally adjusted for PHQ-9 score
  2. *p < 0·05, **p < 0·01,***p < 0·001
  3. aregression coefficient for the squared term of PEs scores· A negative squared term suggests a qualitatively stronger association at the lower end of the PEs spectrum, and a positive squared term suggests a qualitatively stronger association at the higher end of the PEs spectrum. Significant deviation from linearity indicates a positive linear effect
  4. $: significance after correction for regressions of 21 variables using Bonferroni’s correction and the new threshold is 0.05/21 = 0.0024
Back to article page

BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

Contact us