Table 3 Socio-demographic characteristics of four parenting profiles (N = 245)
Overall sample (N = 254) | 1. Indifference (n = 21) | 2. Care-autonomy (n = 53) | 3. Overprotection-indifference (n = 59) | 4. Undifferentiated (n = 112) | χ2/ F/Z | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 12.19 ± 2.79 | 12.10 ± 2.83 | 11.89 ± 2.59 | 12.66 ± 2.79 | 12.11 ± 2.87 | 0.810 | 0.490 |
Gender | 5.148 | 0.161 | |||||
Boy | 119 (48.6) | 6 (28.6) | 25 (47.2) | 27 (45.8) | 61 (54.5) | ||
Girl | 126 (51.4) | 15 (71.4) | 28 (52.8) | 32 (54.2) | 51 (45.5) | ||
One child | 3.426 | 0.331 | |||||
One | 102 (41.6) | 11 (52.4) | 25 (47.2) | 26 (44.1) | 40 (35.7) | ||
More than one | 143 (58.4) | 10 (47.6) | 28 (52.8) | 33 (55.9) | 72 (64.3) | ||
Residential address | 3.568 | 0.312 | |||||
Urban | 153 (62.4) | 15 (71.4) | 35 (66.0) | 40 (67.8) | 63 (56.3) | ||
Rural | 92 (37.6) | 6 (28.6) | 18 (34.0) | 19 (32.2) | 49 (43.8) | ||
Socioeconomic Status | 11.379 | 0.077 | |||||
Above average | 29 (11.8) | 1 (4.8) | 11 (20.8) | 7 (11.9) | 10 (8.9) | ||
Medium | 174 (71.0) | 18 (85.7) | 38 (71.7) | 41 (69.5) | 77 (68.8) | ||
Below-average | 42 (17.1) | 2 (9.5) | 4 (7.5) | 11 (18.6) | 25 (22.3) | ||
Substance use | |||||||
Smoking | 22 (9.0) | 6 (28.6) a | 0 (0) b | 8 (13.6) a | 8 (7.1) a | 17.067 | 0.003 |
Drinking | 51 (20.8) | 8 (38.1) | 7 (13.2) | 15 (25.4) | 21 (18.8) | 6.715 | 0.082 |
Parents’ depression | 3.493 | 0.322 | |||||
Father | 75 (30.6) | 4 (19.0) | 16 (30.2) | 23 (39.0) | 32 (28.6) | ||
Mother | 170 (69.4) | 17 (81.0) | 37 (69.8) | 36 (61.0) | 80 (71.4) | ||
Depressed Parents’ age | 38.80 ± 4.68 | 39.29 ± 4.27 | 39.36 ± 4.47 | 39.25 ± 5.18 | 38.21 ± 4.56 | 1.098 | 0.351 |
Parents’ highest education | 13.320 | 0.038 | |||||
Primary school | 115 (46.9) | 6 (28.6) | 20 (37.7) | 28 (47.5) | 61 (54.5) | ||
Junior high school | 44 (18.0) | 6 (28.6) | 7 (13.2) | 15 (25.4) | 16 (14.3) | ||
College or above | 86 (35.1) | 9 (42.9) | 26 (49.1) | 16 (27.1) | 35 (31.3) | ||
Parents’ depression duration | 127.98 | 135.52 | 124.28 | 115.47 | 5.219 | 0.156 | |
Children’s depression | 123 (50.2) | 18 (85.7) a | 10 (18.9) b | 39 (66.1) ac | 56 (50.0) c | 37.377 | 0.000 |
Children’s anxiety | 140 (57.1) | 16 (76.2) a | 17 (32.1) b | 37 (62.7) a | 70 (62.5) a | 18.770 | 0.000 |
Children’s depression | 15.73 ± 10.03 | 24.67 ± 8.14 a | 8.24 ± 7.32 b | 19.97 ± 9.93 ac | 15.38 ± 9.00 c | 24.384 | 0.000 |
Children’s anxiety | 31.67 ± 21.25 | 45.14 ± 22.09 a | 18.94 ± 16.69 b | 38.75 ± 23.14 ac | 31.45 ± 18.88 c | 13.001 | 0.000 |