Exploring low grade inflammation by soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor levels in schizophrenia: a sex-dependent association with depressive symptoms

Table 3 Factors associated with suPAR (ng/ml) in participants with schizophrenia

	Univariable regression			Multivariable regression (n = 163)^a			Multivariable regression Males (n = 91)^a			Multivariable regression Females (n = 72)^a
	β	95% CI	p	β	95% CI	p	β	95% CI	p	β	95% CI	p
Female sex	0.29	0.13 to 0.46	0.001	0.26	0.11 to 0.40	0.001	–	–	–	–	–	–
Age (per 10 years)	0.08	0.01 to 0.15	0.02	0.09	0.03 to 0.15	0.003	0.11	0.03 to 0.19	0.006	0.08	−0.02 to 0.18	0.11
Tobacco smoking	0.33	0.17 to 0.49	< 0.001	0.30	0.16 to 0.45	< 0.001	0.20	0.01 to 0.38	0.04	0.39	0.16 to 0.63	0.001
hsCRP (mg/L)	0.13	0.08 to 0.18	< 0.001	0.12	0.06 to 0.18	< 0.001	0.13	0.05 to 0.20	0.001	0.08	−0.01 to 0.17	0.07
BMI (per 5 kg/m2)	0.05	−0.03 to 0.12	0.21	−0.08	− 0.15 to − 0.01	0.03	−0.10	− 0.19 to − 0.01	0.03	−0.05	− 0.17 to 0.06	0.37
CDSS sum score	0.04	0.02 to 0.05	< 0.001	0.03	0.02 to 0.05	< 0.001	0.01	−0.02 to 0.03	0.48	0.04	0.02 to 0.06	< 0.001
AIP	0.36	0.11 to 0.62	0.005	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Glucose (mmol/L)	0.09	−0.01 to 0.19	0.07	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Problematic use of drugs	0.21	−0.04 to 0.45	0.097	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–

Note: suPAR soluble urokoinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor; CI Confidence Interval, β = beta coefficient, hsCRP high sensitivity C-reactive protein, BMI Body Mass Index, AIP Atherogenic Index of plasma calculated as log10(Triglycerids/HDL-cholesterol), CDSS Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (0–27), Problematic use of drugs = above defined cut-off values for Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT) (≥2 for females and ≥ 6 for males)
^aMulitvariable regression model including all variables listed. The amount of explained variance by the model (adjusted R²) was 0.35 for whole sample, 0.20 in males and 0.37 in females

ISSN: 1471-244X