Table 2 Body Mass Index (BMI) and Physical Health Outcomes in Lithium Users and Non-Users with Bipolar Disorder (BD), n = 129

Obesity, [n(%)]

42.42% (n = 28)

34.92% (n = 22)

p = 0.384, x² = 0.758

Mean BMI, (kg/m²) [mean (±SD)]

29.10 (+/−6.70)

30.20 (+/−8.57)

U = 2051, p = 0.895, z = −0.132

p = 0.184, x² = 4.85

 Underweight, < 19

0% (n = 0)

0, 0

 Normal, 19–25

30.30% (n = 20,)

33.33%, (n = 21)

 Overweight, 25–30

27.27% (n = 18)

31.75%, (n = 20)

 Class I Obesity, 30–35

25.76%, (n = 17)

11.11%, (n = 7)

 Class II & III Obesity, >  35

16.67%, (n = 11)

23.81%, (n = 15)

Metabolic Syndrome [n (%)]

35.71% (n = 15)

44.18% (n = 19)

p = 0.623, x² = 0.24

 Male, [mean (±SD)]

107.91 (20.51)

107.77 (16.79)

U = 1906.5, p = 0.416, z = −0.813

 Female, [mean (±SD)]

98.85 (16.28)

105.97 (19.03)

 Fasting Blood Glucose (mmol/L), n = 107 [mean (±SD)]

5.52 (1.03)

6.10 (2.90)

U = 1344.5, p = 0.712, z = −0.369

 HbA1C (mmol/L), n = 95 [mean (±SD)]

5.24 (0.53)

6.01 (1.83)

U = 753.5, p = 0.006*, z = −2.76

 Diabetes, n = 87, [n (%)]

16.67% (n = 7)

33.33% (n = 15)

p = 0.088, x² = 3.19

 Total Cholesterol (mmol/L), n = 103 [mean (±SD)]

4.72 (1.02)

4.92 (1.10)

U = 1233, p = 0.582, z = −0.55

  HDL (mmol/L), n = 102, [mean (±SD)]

1.30 (0.33)

1.24 (0.37)

U = 1084.5, p = 0.162, z = −1.40

  LDL (mmol/L), n = 100, [mean (±SD)]

2.79 (0.87)

2.75 (0.89)

U = 1110, p = 0.377, z = −0.883

 Triglycerides (mmol/L), n = 102, [mean (±SD)]

1.46 (0.88)

2.01 (1.25)

U = 947, p = 0.020*, z = −2.32

 Dyslipidemia, n = 96, [n (%)]

50%, (n = 23)

70%, (n = 35)

p = 0.06, x² = 4.007

 Hypertension, n = 117, [n (%)]

12.96%, (n = 7)

19.05%, (n = 12)

p = 0.455, x² = 0.791

 TSH, n = 103, [mean (±SD)]

2.39 (1.26)

2.60 (1.43)

U = 1187, p = 0.411, z = −0.823

 Hypothyroidism, n = 102, [n (%)]

41.81%, (n = 23)

59.57%, (n = 28)

p = 0.112, x² = 3.196