Table 1 Profile of respondents and associations with post traumatic stress symptoms among respondents N = 3761
Variables | Total N = 3761 n (%) | PTSS | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes 1787 n (%) | No 1974 n (%) | |||
Sex at birth | ||||
 Male | 1759 (46.8) | 780 (44.3) | 979 (55.7) | 0.002 |
 Female | 1983 (52.7) | 997 (50.3) | 986 (49.7) | |
 Intersex | 2 (0.1) | 2 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
 Decline to answer | 17 (0.5) | 8 (47.1) | 9 (52.9) | |
Highest educational level | ||||
 No formal education | 45 (1.2) | 40 (88.9) | 5 (11.1) | < 0.001 |
 Primary | 74 (2.0) | 51 (68.9) | 23 (31.1) | |
 Secondary | 594 (15.8) | 368 (62.0)) | 226 (38.0) | |
 Tertiary | 3048 (81.0) | 1328 (43.6) | 1720 (56.4) | |
Employment status | ||||
 Unemployed | 568 (15.1) | 373 (65.7) | 195 (34.3) | < 0.001 |
 Employed | 2677 (71.2) | 1138 (42.5) | 1539 (57.5) | |
 Student | 423 (11.2) | 239 (56.5) | 184 (43.5) | |
 Retired | 93 (2.5) | 37 (39.8) | 56 (60.2) | |
COVID-19 status | ||||
 Tested positive for COVID-19 | ||||
  No | 3667 (97.5) | 1749 (47.7) | 1918 (52.3) | 0.163 |
  Yes | 94 (2.5) | 38 (40.4) | 56 (59.6) | |
 Had symptoms but no test | ||||
  No | 3364 (89.4) | 1526 (45.4) | 1838 (54.6) | < 0.001 |
  Yes | 397 (10.6) | 261 (65.7) | 136 (34.3) | |
 Had a close friend who tested positive | ||||
  No | 3126 (83.1) | 1520 (48.6) | 1606 (51.4) | 0.002 |
  Yes | 635 (16.9) | 267 (42.0) | 368 (58.0) | |
 Knew someone who died of COVID-19 | ||||
  No | 2569 (68.3) | 1265 (49.2) | 1304 (50.8) | 0.002 |
  Yes | 1192 (31.7) | 522 (43.8) | 670 (56.2) | |
HIV status | ||||
 Not living with HIV | 2965 (78.8) | 1245 (42.0) | 1720 (58.0) | < 0.001 |
 Living with HIV | 796 (21.2) | 542 (68.1) | 254 (31.9) | |
COVID-19 preventive measures | ||||
 Wearing face masks | ||||
  No | 596 (15.8) | 343 (57.6) | 253 (42.4) | < 0.001 |
  Yes | 3165 (84.2) | 1444 (45.6) | 1721 (54.4) | |
 Frequent hand washing and sanitising | ||||
  No | 655 (17.4) | 349 (53.3) | 306 (46.7) | 0.001 |
  Yes | 3106 (82.6) | 1438 (46.3) | 1668 (53.7) | |
 Physical distancing | ||||
  No | 876 (23.3) | 469 (53.5) | 407 (46.5) | < 0.001 |
  Yes | 2885 (76.7) | 1318 (45.7) | 1567 (54.3) | |
 Working remotely | ||||
  No | 2515 (66.9) | 1241 (49.3) | 1274 (50.7) | 0.001 |
  Yes | 1246 (33.1) | 546 (43.8) | 700 (56.2) | |
Social isolation | ||||
 Mean (SD) | 5.1 (2.6) | 5.7 (2.4) | 4.6 (2.6) | < 0.001 |
Access to emotional support | ||||
 No | 289 (7.7) | 212 (73.4) | 77 (26.6) | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 3472 (92.3) | 1575 (45.4) | 1897 (54.6) | |
Anger | ||||
 No | 3522 (93.6) | 1596 (45.3) | 1926 (54.7) | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 239 (6.4) | 191 (79.9) | 48 (20.1) | |
Loneliness | ||||
 No | 3182 (84.6) | 1378 (43.3) | 1804 (56.7) | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 579 (15.4) | 409 (70.6) | 170 (29.4) | |