The new frontline: exploring the links between moral distress, moral resilience and mental health in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic

Table 2 Moderation model

			95% CI
	B	SE	LL	UL	p
Time Elapsed since the pandemic declaration (per 7 days)	−0.22	0.12	−0.45	0.02	.072
Demographics
Male Sex (vs Female)	−0.50	1.61	−3.65	2.65	.756
Age (per 10 years increase)	1.22	0.41	0.41	2.02	.003
Current mental disorder (vs none)	1.44	1.26	−1.03	3.91	.254
Profession (vs Health Administrators)
Physician	−1.68	1.91	−5.42	2.06	.378
Nurse	0.19	1.74	−3.23	3.61	.913
Other Allied Health	−2.33	1.78	−5.84	1.17	.191
Allied Mental Health Specialist	−0.72	1.76	−4.18	2.73	.681
Moral Factors
Exposure to PMDEs (Scale 0 to 96)	2.98	0.04	2.90	3.05	<.001
Moral Resilience (Scale 1 to 68)	3.12	1.57	0.04	6.20	.047
Interaction Resilience/Exposure	−0.45	0.06	−0.57	−0.32	<.001

Coefficients from the multiple linear regression assessing moderation of the association between exposure to potentially morally distressing events (PMDEs; Frequency score on the MMD-HP) and moral distress (total score on the Moral Distress for Healthcare Professionals (MMD-HP)) by moral resilience (total score on the Rushton Moral Resilience Scale (RMRS)). B: Unstandardized coefficients (calculated per one unit for continuous variables, except for the time elapsed since the pandemic declaration (which was calculated for each 7 days) and age (which was calculated per 10 years). Units (for continuous variables) and reference groups (for categorical variables) are presented in parenthesis in the first column. SE standard error of B, CI confidence interval, LL lower limit, UL upper limit.

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