Table 5 Overview of findings by type of self-harm

Peripheral

• HPA Axis, Circadian rhythm, cortisol: not associated (3/6). Associated with cortisol dysregulation (3/6).

• HPA Axis, Reactivity, cortisol: associated with hyperreactivity (1/3), hyporeactivity (1/3), different pattern (1/3).

• ANS, Reactivity, cardiovascular measures: Not associated (1/3). Decreased parasympathetic function (2/3), including symptom prediction.

• Serotonin System, platelets: not associated imipramine binding sites (1/4). Not associated with serotonin uptake (1/4). Not associated with serotonin-induced aggregation (1/4). Associated with decreased imipramine binding sites (1/4).

• Serotonin System, serotonin levels: Not associated with levels (1/2). Associated with higher levels (1/2).

• Serotonin System, precursor levels: associated with lower tryptophan levels (1/2). 5-year suicidality associated with low ratio tryptophan to other amino acids, not baseline tryptophan levels (1/2).

• Sleep Characteristics: not associated (2/6). Associated with longer sleep, shorter Stage 3, shorter delta sleep, more rapid eye movement (REM) after scopolamine (1/6). Associated with longer sleep latency (2/6), longer REM latency, higher percentage NREM1, higher REM density (1/6), higher percentage REM sleep (1/6).

• Neuromodulators: Not associated with BDNF (2/2), or GDNF, NGF, NTF3 (1/2). Associated with increased levels of S100B protein (2/2).

• Immune System, cytokine levels: associated with decreased TNFα, increased IFN- (1/3), increased IL-ß, IL-8 (1/3). Antidepressant suicidality associated with higher increase IL-6 (1/3).

• Lipid Metabolism: not associated with triglyceride levels (1). Associated with lower cholesterol (2/2).

• Growth Hormone: associated with blunted reactivity (1). Associated with dysregulated circadian secretion (1).

• HPA Axis, Circadian rhythm, cortisol: associated with cortisol dysregulation (2/2).

• HPA Axis, Reactivity, cortisol: associated with hyporeactivity (2/4), hyperreactivity (1/4), different pattern (1/4).

• ANS, Resting, cardiovascular measures: not associated (1).

• HPA Axis, Circadian rhythm, cortisol: associated with cortisol dysregulation (1).

• HPA Axis, Reactivity, cortisol: associated with hyporeactivity (1).

• ANS, Resting, cardiovascular measures: not associated with parasympathetic tone (1/2). Associated with lower parasympathetic tone (1/2).

• ANS, Reactivity, cardiovascular measures: not associated with parasympathetic function (1).

• ANS, Resting, skin conductance: not associated with abnormal sympathetic system arousal (1/2). Associated with lower sympathetic arousal (1/2).

• ANS, Reactivity, skin conductance: reactivity not associated with prediction symptoms (1/2). Not associated with abnormal sympathetic system arousal (1/2).

• Serotonin System, serotonin levels: associated with lower blood levels (2/2).

Neural

• Activity, Response inhibition: not associated (1).

• Activity, Emotion processing: angry faces – increased activation in ACG, bilateral sensory cortices, left dlPFC, right MTG, happy faces – decreased activation visual, sensory cortices, PFC, ACG.(1)

• Activity, Decision-making: not associated (1).

• Activity, Self-identity processing: decreased activation in midline cortical, limbic structures for self-happy vs. other-happy faces (1)

• Activity, Social interaction: associated in all scenarios with decreased activity insula, putamen, ACC, caudate, postcentral, precentral gyri (1). Associated with greater activation insula only if more peer victimization or daily negative experiences (1).

• Functional Connectivity, Emotion processing: angry faces - decreased connectivity ACG to bilateral insulae (1).

• Functional Connectivity, Self-identity processing: greater connectivity between amygdala, dlPFC, dmPFC, precuneus (1).

• Functional Connectivity, Intrinsic network coherence: lower Executive Control Network coherence during resting state (1/2). Symptom improvement associated with increased coherence Salience Network (1/2).

• Functional Connectivity, Resting state: associated with increased connectivity between left precuneus and primary motor, somatosensory cortices, MFG, SFG; decreased connectivity between left PCC, left cerebellum, left OC, temporal-occipital fusiform gyrus (1).

• Event-Related Potential, Attention capture: associated with lower threshold involuntary attention switching (1).

• Event-Related Potential, Reward-loss: associated with more activation to reward and loss (2/2).

• Brain Waves, Symmetry: associated with left > right posterior alpha asymmetry (1).

• Cortical Inhibition, Post-treatment: associated with increase cortical inhibition (1).

• Brain Structures, Gray matter volume: prediction of symptoms associated with decreased volume of bilateral putamen, left caudate (1).

• Brain Structures, Gray and matter volume: Not associated with white matter differences; associated reduced thickness in rSTG (1).

• Pituitary gland volume: associated with increased volume (1).

• Activity, Emotion processing: associated with greater activation amygdala, hippocampus, bilateral ACC, but MDD explained findings (1).

• Activity, Social interaction: associated with increased activation mPFC, vlPFC, parahippocampus (1/3). Associated with increase activation putamen (1/3). dmPFC, PCC, sgACC function during social anticipation predicted NSSI group (1/3).

• Activity, Self-identity processing: Associated with greater activation limbic and cortical midline structures (1).

• Activity, Reward processing: associated with greater activation bilateral putamen (1).

• Functional Connectivity, Resting state: associated with reduced connectivity amygdala-mPFC network, predicted better response to treatment (1).

• Event-Related Potential, Reward-loss: associated with more negative response to losses (1).

• Brain Structures, Gray matter volume: associated with decreased volume ACC, insula (1).

• Activity, Reward processing: Associated with decreased activation putamen, OFC, bilateral amygdalae (1).

• Brain Structures, Gray matter volume: associated with decreased volume bilateral insula cortices, rIFG (1).

• Brain Structures, Gray and matter volume: associated with decreased gray and white matter volumes in BA24, higher white matter volume in BA23, but no difference in gray matter volume (1).

• Brain Structures, Pituitary gland: associated with greater volume (1).