Variables | Rural | Urban | P value1 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-depression | Depression | P value | Sum | Non-depression | Depression | P value | Sum | ||
Demographical factors | |||||||||
 Gender |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.636 |
  Male | 164(46.07) | 187(38.56) | 0.029 | 351(41.74) | 153(44.61) | 113(40.94) | 0.360 | 266(42.97) |  |
  Female | 192(53.93) | 298(61.44) |  | 490(58.26) | 190(55.39) | 163(59.06) |  | 353(57.03) |  |
 Age | 71.35(0.38) | 70.63(0.31) | 0.0719 | 70.93(0.24) | 72.51(0.43) | 72.44(0.47) | 0.911 | 72.48(0.32) |  |
 Marital status |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.179 |
  Married | 262(73.60) | 311(64.12) | 0.004 | 573(68.13) | 251(73.18) | 191(69.20) | 0.277 | 442(71.41) |  |
  Unmarried/divorced/widowed | 94(26.40) | 174(35.88) |  | 268(31.87) | 92(26.82) | 85(30.80) |  | 177(28.59) |  |
 Years of education |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.000 |
  0 | 261(73.31) | 384(79.18) | 0.001 | 654(76.69) | 218(63.56) | 175(63.41) | 0.992 | 393(63.49) |  |
  1 ~ 12 | 61(17.13) | 43(8.87) |  | 104(12.37) | 90(26.24) | 72(26.09) |  | 162(26.17) |  |
  > 12 | 34(9.55) | 58(11.96) |  | 92(10.92) | 35(10.20) | 29(10.51) |  | 64(10.34) |  |
 Ln (Family per capita income) | 8.83(0.05) | 8.67(0.04) | 0.0218 | 13,721.75(2462.48) | 9.63(0.06) | 9.39(0.06) | 0.004 | 24,088.76(1953.38) | 0.001 |
Health behavior | |||||||||
 Smoking |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.352 |
  Yes | 86(24.16) | 98(20.21) | 0.171 | 184(21.88) | 71(20.70) | 52(18.84) | 0.564 | 123(19.87) |  |
  No | 270(75.84) | 387(79.79) |  | 657(78.12) | 272(79.30) | 224(81.16) |  | 496(80.13) |  |
 Drinking more than three times a week |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.828 |
  Yes | 39(10.96) | 37(7.63) | 0.096 | 76(9.04) | 39(11.37) | 19(6.88) | 0.057 | 58(9.37) |  |
  No | 317(89.04) | 448(92.37) |  | 765(90.96) | 304(88.63) | 257(993.12) |  | 561(90.63) |  |
 Sleep duration |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.064 |
  < 6 h | 34(9.55) | 97(20.00) | 0.000 | 131(15.58) | 36(10.50) | 80(28.99) | 0.000 | 116(18.74) |  |
  6-8 h | 110(30.90) | 131(27.01) |  | 241(28.66) | 111(32.36) | 84(30.43) |  | 195(31.50) |  |
  > 8 | 212(59.55) | 257(52.99) |  | 469(55.77) | 196(57.14) | 112(40.58) |  | 308(49.76) |  |
 Regular exercise |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.000 |
  Yes | 132(37.08) | 149(30.72) | 0.053 | 281(33.41) | 167(48.69) | 112(40.58) | 0.044 | 279(45.07) |  |
  No | 224(62.92) | 336(69.28) |  | 560(66.59) | 176(51.31) | 164(59.42) |  | 340(54.93) |  |
Health status | |||||||||
 Chronic disease |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.147 |
  Yes | 94(26.40) | 229(47.22) | 0.000 | 323(38.41) | 125(36.44) | 136(49.28) | 0.001 | 261(42.16) |  |
  No | 262(73.60) | 256(52.78) |  | 518(61.59) | 218(63.56) | 140(50.72) |  | 358(57.84) |  |
 BMI | 21.93(0.23) | 21.29(0.21) | 0.0424 | 21.57(0.15) | 23.04(0.23) | 22.32(0.26) | 0.037 | 22.73(0.17) | 0.000 |
 Disease or accidence experience within the past 2 weeks |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.005 |
  Yes | 147(41.29) | 335(69.07) | 0.000 | 482(57.31) | 133(38.78) | 176(63.77) | 0.000 | 309(49.92) |  |
  No | 209(58.71) | 150(30.93) |  | 359(42.69) | 210(61.22) | 100(36.23) |  | 310(50.08) |  |
 Hospitalization within 1 year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.005 |
  Yes | 82(23.03) | 176(36.29) | 0.000 | 258(30.68) | 114(33.24) | 119(43.12) | 0.012 | 233(37.64) |  |
  No | 274(76.97) | 309(63.71) |  | 583(69.32) | 229(66.76) | 157(56.88) |  | 386(62.36) |  |
 Ln (Total medical expenses within 1 year) | 7.32(0.09) | 7.92(0.08) | 0.000 | 6730.30(538.75) | 8.30(0.01) | 8.55(0.10) | 0.081 | 12,486.44(1189.13) | 0.000 |
 Self-rated health |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.023 |
  Poor | 127(35.67) | 316(65.15) | 0.000 | 443(52.68) | 108(31.49) | 170(61.59) | 0.000 | 278(44.91) |  |
  Fair | 84(23.60) | 82(16.91) |  | 166(19.74) | 92(26.82) | 66(23.91) |  | 158(25.53) |  |
  Good | 90(25.28) | 68(14.02) |  | 158(18.79) | 97(28.28) | 32(11.59) |  | 129(20.84) |  |
  Very good | 36(10.11) | 9(1.86) |  | 45(5.35) | 31(9.04) | 6(2.17) |  | 37(5.98) |  |
  Excellent | 19(5.34) | 10(2.06) |  | 39(3.45) | 15(4.37) | 2(0.72) |  | 17(2.75) |  |
 Changing in perceived health |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.006 |
  Better | 23(6.46) | 34(7.01) | 0.000 | 57(6.78) | 32(9.33) | 10(3.62) | 0.000 | 42(6.79) |  |
  Unchanged | 133(37.36) | 78(16.08) |  | 211(25.09) | 140(40.82) | 62(22.46) |  | 202(32.63) |  |
  Worse | 200(56.18) | 373(76.91) |  | 573(68.13) | 171(49.85) | 204(73.91) |  | 375(60.58) |  |
Family relations | |||||||||
 Number of family members |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.000 |
  < 3 | 123(34.55) | 181(37.32) | 0.711 | 128(15.22) | 123(35.86) | 114(41.30) | 0.383 | 133(21.49) |  |
  3–5 | 130(36.52) | 170(35.05) |  | 394(46.85) | 152(44.31) | 112(40.58) |  | 332(53.63) |  |
  > 5 | 103(28.93) | 134(27.63) |  | 319(37.93) | 68(19.83) | 50(18.12) |  | 154(24.88) |  |
 Number of children |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.000 |
  < 3 | 52(14.61) | 76(15.67) | 0.758 | 304(36.15) | 71(20.70) | 62(22.46) | 0.714 | 237(38.29) |  |
  3–6 | 172(48.31) | 222(45.77) |  | 300(35.67) | 189(55.10) | 143(51.81) |  | 264(42.65) |  |
  > 6 | 132(37.08) | 187(38.56) |  | 237(28.18) | 83(24.20) | 71(25.72) |  | 118(19.06) |  |
 Closing to children |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.921 |
  Yes | 302(84.83) | 398(82.06) | 0.288 | 700(83.23) | 299(87.17) | 215(77.90) | 0.002 | 514(83.04) |  |
  No | 54(15.17) | 87(17.94) |  | 141(16.77) | 44(12.83) | 61(22.10) |  | 105(16.96) |  |
 Receiving financial assistance from children |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.000 |
  Yes | 197(55.34) | 181(37.32) | 0.032 | 501(59.57) | 149(43.44) | 126(45.65) | 0.582 | 344(55.57) |  |
  No | 159(44.66) | 304(62.68) |  | 340(40.43) | 194(56.56) | 150(54.35) |  | 275(44.43) |  |
 Weekly family dinner |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.393 |
  Seven times | 319(89.61) | 405(83.51) | 0.012 | 724(86.09) | 301(87.76) | 222(80.43) | 0.012 | 523(84.49) |  |
  Less than seven times | 37(10.39) | 80(16.49) |  | 117(13.91) | 42(12.24) | 54(19.57) |  | 96(15.51) |  |
Social relations | |||||||||
 Neighborhood help | 1.70(0.05) | 1.41(0.05) | 0.000 | 1.58(0.04) | 1.48(0.05) | 1.66(0.06) | 0.013 | 1.56(0.04) | 0.615 |
 Neighborhood relationship | 2.25(0.38) | 1.88(0.04) | 0.000 | 2.10(0.03) | 2.04(0.04) | 2.21(0.05) | 0.020 | 2.14(0.03) | 0.196 |
 Community emotion | 2.01(0.04) | 1.73(0.4) | 0.000 | 1.89(0.03) | 1.87(0.05) | 2.18(0.06) | 0.000 | 2.01(0.04) | 0.015 |
 Participating organizations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.000 |
  Yes | 48(13.48) | 61(12.58) | 0.699 | 109(12.96) | 100(29.15) | 76(27.54) | 0.657 | 176(28.43) |  |
  No | 308(86.52) | 424(87.42) |  | 732(87.04) | 243(70.85) | 200(72.46) |  | 443(71.57) |  |
 Trusting people |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.882 |
  Yes | 217(61.30) | 258(53.75) | 0.030 | 475(56.95) | 206(60.41) | 143(51.81) | 0.032 | 349(56.56) |  |
  No | 137(38.70) | 222(46.25) |  | 359(43.05) | 135(39.59) | 133(48.19) |  | 268(43.44) |  |
Subjective attitude | |||||||||
 Life satisfaction | 4.09(0.05) | 3.52(0.05) | 0.000 | 3.76(0.04) | 4.14(0.05) | 3.55(0.07) | 0.000 | 3.88(0.04) | 0.030 |
 Having trust in the future | 3.88(0.06) | 3.27(0.06) | 0.000 | 3.53(0.04) | 3.97(0.06) | 3.36(0.07) | 0.000 | 3.70(0.05) | 0.004 |