| Total Sample | No/Some Baseline Depression Symptomsa (n = 245) | High Baseline Depression Symptoms (n = 378)b | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total, N(%) | Â | 623 (100.0) | 245 (39.3) | 378 (60.7) | Â |
London, N(%) | Â | 350 (56.2) | 149 (60.8) | 201 (53.2) | 0.005 |
Barcelona, N(%) | Â | 155 (24.9) | 44 (18.0) | 111 (29.4) | Â |
Amsterdam, N(%) | Â | 118 (18.9) | 52 (21.2) | 66 (17.5) | Â |
Socio-demographics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age, M(SD) | Â | 46.4 (15.3) | 48.2 (15.4) | 45.1 (15.0) | 0.013 |
Gender, N(%) | Female | 471 (75.6) | 171 (69.8) | 300 (79.4) | 0.007 |
Marital Status, N(%) | Single/separated/divorced/widowed | 332 (53.3) | 119 (47.8) | 213 (56.2) | 0.070 |
Married/cohabiting/LTR | 291 (46.7) | 125 (51.2) | 166 (43.8) | Â | |
Aggregated Ethnicity, N(%)* | White British/Dutch | 369 (78.9) | 163 (81.1) | 206 (77.2) | 0.262 |
White Other | 35 (7.5) | 18 (9.0) | 17 (6.4) | Â | |
Black ethnic group | 14 (3.0) | 3 (1.5) | 11 (4.1) | Â | |
Asian ethnic group | 16 (3.4) | 7 (3.5) | 9 (3.4) | Â | |
Mixed ethnic background | 16 (3.4) | 5 (2.5) | 11 (4.1) | Â | |
Other | 18 (3.9) | 5 (2.5) | 13 (4.9) | Â | |
Employment Status | Employed/furloughed | 260 (41.7) | 120 (49.2) | 140 (36.9) | < 0.0001 |
Unemployed/sick leave | 134 (21.5) | 35 (14.3) | 99 (26.1) | Â | |
Student | 68 (10.9) | 21 (8.6) | 47 (12.4) | Â | |
Retired | 123 (19.7) | 58 (23.8) | 65 (17.2) | Â | |
Not reported | 38 (6.1) | 10 (4.1) | 28 (7.4) | Â | |
Total years in education, M(SD) | 16.4 (6.5) | 17.0 (6.7) | 16.1 (6.3) | 0.085 | |
Benefits Receipt, N(%) | Yes | 275 (44.1) | 91 (37.1) | 184 (48.7) | 0.005 |
Accommodation type, N(%) | Own outright/with mortgage | 368 (59.1) | 150 (61.5) | 218 (57.5) | 0.425 |
Renting | 216 (34.7) | 83 (34.0) | 133 (35.1) | Â | |
Living rent-free | 29 (4.7) | 9 (3.7) | 20 (5.3) | Â | |
Not reported | 10 (1.6) | 2 (0.8) | 8 (2.1) | Â | |
Household income per annum, N(%) | <£/€15,000 | 154 (24.8) | 43 (17.6) | 111 (29.4) | 0.003 |
£/€15,000 – 55,000 | 354 (57.0) | 143 (58.4) | 211 (55.8) |  | |
>£€55,000 | 98 (15.8) | 52 (21.2) | 46 (12.2) |  | |
Prefer not to say | 10 (1.6) | 3 (1.2) | 7 (1.9) | Â | |
Unknown | 5 (0.8) | 3 (1.2) | 2 (0.5) | Â | |
Clinical Characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Current smoker, N(%) | Yes | 126 (20.2) | 38 (15.5) | 88 (23.3) | 0.014 |
Medical comorbidity, N(%) | Yes | 343 (55.1) | 111 (45.3) | 232 (61.4) | < 0.0001 |
Lifetime traumatic events, N(%) | None | 66 (10.6) | 28 (11.4) | 38 (10.1) | 0.440 |
1–5 | 360 (57.8) | 149 (60.8) | 212 (56.1) |  | |
6–12 | 185 (29.7) | 65 (26.5) | 121 (32.0) |  | |
Not reported | 12 (1.9) | 3 (1.2) | 7 (1.9) | Â | |
Current depression | IDS-SR total, M(SD) | 31.3 (14.5) | 17.5 (8.3) | 39.7 (10.5) | < 0.0001 |
None (0–13), N(%) | 61 (10.1) | 61 (24.9) | 0 (0.0) | < 0.0001 | |
Mild (14–25), N(%) | 157 (25.9) | 157 (64.1) | 0 (0.0) |  | |
Moderate (26–38), N(%) | 206 (33.9) | 4 (1.6) | 202 (53.4) |  | |
Severe (39–48), N(%) | 104 (17.1) | 5 (2.0) | 99 (26.2) |  | |
Very severe (49–84), N(%) | 79 (13.0) | 2 (0.8) | 77 (20.4) |  | |
Not reported | 16 (2.6) | 16 (6.5) | 0 (0.0) | Â | |
Suicidal ideation, N(%) | Yes | 110 (17.7) | 13 (5.3) | 97 (25.7) | < 0.0001 |
Taking antidepressants, N(%) | Yes | 408 (65.5) | 142 (58.0) | 266 (70.4) | 0.004 |
Current anxiety | GAD7 total, M(SD) | 8.8 (5.7) | 5.3 (4.2) | 11.0 (5.0) | < 0.0001 |
≥10, N(%) | 270 (43.3) | 46 (18.9) | 224 (59.1) | < 0.0001 | |
Current functional disability | WSAS total, M(SD) | 19.3 (11.1) | 12.0 (9.9) | 23.9 (9.1) | < 0.0001 |
No impairment (0–10), N(%) | 155 (24.9) | 126 (51.4) | 29 (7.7) | < 0.0001 | |
Some impairment (11–20), N(%) | 154 (24.7) | 57 (23.3) | 97 (25.7) |  | |
Significant impairment (> 20), N(%) | 314 (50.4) | 62 (25.3) | 252 (66.7) |  | |
Alcohol use | AUDIT total, M(SD) | 3.2 (4.4) | 3.9 (4.6) | 2.8 (4.3) | 0.005 |
Low risk (0–7), N(%) | 528 (84.8) | 198 (80.8) | 330 (87.3) | 0.242 | |
Medium risk (8–15), N(%) | 52 (8.4) | 25 (10.2) | 27 (7.1) |  | |
High risk (16–19), N(%) | 10 (1.6) | 5 (2.0) | 5 (1.3) |  | |
Addiction likely (> 19), N(%) | 8 (1.3) | 5 (2.0) | 3 (0.8) |  | |
Not reported | 25 (4.0) | 12 (4.9) | 13 (3.4) | Â | |
Illness Perceptions, M(SD) | Consequences | 6.1 (2.8) | 4.5 (2.8) | 7.1 (2.3) | < 0.0001 |
Timeline | 7.1 (3.1) | 5.8 (3.6) | 7.9 (2.4) | < 0.0001 | |
Personal Control | 4.2 (2.7) | 4.8 (2.7) | 3.8 (2.6) | < 0.0001 | |
Treatment Control | 6.0 (2.8) | 6.7 (2.9) | 5.5 (2.6) | < 0.0001 | |
Identity | 5.9 (2.5) | 4.5 (2.6) | 6.7 (2.0) | < 0.0001 | |
Concern | 6.3 (2.9) | 4.9 (3.0) | 7.2 (2.5) | < 0.0001 | |
Understanding | 6.8 (2.8) | 7.2 (2.7) | 6.6 (2.9) | 0.012 | |
Emotional Response | 7.1 (2.5) | 6.1 (2.9) | 7.9 (2.0) | < 0.0001 | |
Baseline aRMT PHQ8 | PHQ8 total, M(SD) | 10.9 (6.0) | 6.4 (4.6) | 13.7 (5.0) | < 0.0001 |
≥10, N(%) | 371 (59.6) | 69 (28.3) | 302 (79.7) | < 0.0001 | |
Baseline aRMT RSES (N = 545) | RSES total, M(SD) | 36.8 (2.3) | 36.7 (2.4) | 36.9 (2.3) | 0.277 |