Table 3 Bivariate associations between study variables and three-year societal costs

 Yes

0.365 (0.102)

12.748

< 0.001

 No

 Female

−0.126 (0.109)

1.330

0.249

 Male

 0–7 years

0.204 (0.112)

3.345

0.067

 ≥ 8 years

 Married/living with a partner

−0.029 (0.102)

0.080

0.777

 Not married/living with a partner

 1 (lowest deprivation)

REF

 2

0.299 (0.162)

3.386

0.066

 3

0.104 (0.166)

0.393

0.531

 4

0.370 (0.163)

5.152

0.023

 5 (higher deprivation)

0.252 (0.163)

2.395

0.122

 1 (lowest deprivation)

REF

 2

−0.177 (0.174)

1.032

0.310

 3

0.059 (0.176)

0.113

0.737

 4

0.329 (0.162)

4.134

0.042

 5 (higher deprivation)

0.033 (0.159)

0.043

0.836

Age

0.020 (0.009)

4.559

0.033

Cognitive status (22–30)

−0.058 (0.028)

4.274

0.039

Number of chronic diseases (0–17)

0.098 (0.020)

24.632

< 0.001

Psychological distress (10–50)

0.014 (0.007)

3.910

0.048

Severity of anxiety symptoms (0–21)

0.008 (0.013)

0.369

0.544

Social support (0–3)

−0.089 (0.084)

1.133

0.287

Number of daily hassles (0–32)

−0.001 (0.008)

0.024

0.877

Health-related quality of life (0–100)

−0.013 (0.003)

25.300

< 0.001

Satisfaction with life (5–25)

−0.017 (0.011)

2.482

0.115

Patients’ beliefs – mental health treatment (1–5)

−0.063 (0.054)

1.344

0.246

Confidence in doctor to help with mental health issue (1–5)

0.036 (0.042)

0.751

0.386

Perceived adequacy of care for mental health problems (1–5)

−0.018 (0.043)

0.174

0.677

Number of days alive during the three-year period

−0.001 (0.001)

7.568

0.006

Type of primary care practices

 Small clinics (<  3 GP)

0.019 (0.105)

0.034

0.853

 Large clinics (≥ 3 GP)

REF