Table 1 Overview of included studies
Author (year) | Population | Study design (and sample if applicable) | Setting | Intervention | Comparator | Time horizon |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
At-risk populations | ||||||
Ising et al., 2017 [28] | Ultra-high risk of psychosis | RCT •N = 196 •Mean age: 23 Proportion male: 51% (intervention) and 49% (comparator) | Secondary care in the Netherlands | CBT (for ultra-high risk) | Routine care | 4 years |
Jin et al., 2020 [29] | Clinical high-risk of psychosis | Discrete event simulation whole-disease model | Secondary care in the UK | CBT plus practice as usual | Practice as usual | Lifetime |
Perez et al., 2015 [30] | General practice referrals to early intervention services | Decision tree model | Primary and secondary care in the UK | Low intensity intervention (a postal campaign consisting of biannual guidelines to help and refer individuals with early signs of psychosis) High intensity (inclusion of a specialist mental health professional who liaised with each practice and a theory-based education package) | Practice as usual | 2Â years |
Wijnen et al., 2020 [31] b | Individuals at ultra-high risk of developing psychosis (or with first-episode psychosis) | State transition (Markov) model | Secondary care in the Netherlands | Cognitive behaviour therapy | Care as usual | 5-years |
First episode psychosis populations | ||||||
Behan et al., 2020 [32] | First-episode psychosis | Retrospective cohort •N = 201 •Median age: 32 •Proportion male: 56% | Community care in Ireland | Early intervention (including CBT, family education and intervention, and psychosocial intervention focusing on vocational or educational needs) | Treatment as usual | 1 year |
Breitborde et al., 2009 [33] | First-episode psychosis | Simulation model | Community care in the USA | Multifamily group psychoeducation | Pharmacotherapy | 2-, 5-, 10- and 20-year scenarios |
Cocchi et al., 2011 [34] | First-episode psychosis | Retrospective cohort •N = 46 •Mean age: 25 (intervention) and 26 (comparator) •Proportion male: 70% (intervention) and 74% (comparator) | Secondary care in Italy | Early intervention programme (including individual pharmacotherapy, CBT, psychoeducation, motivational sessions, support group and various social group activities) | Standard care | 5 years |
Hastrup et al., 2013 [35] | First-episode psychosis (in contact with services for the first time) | RCT •N = 547 •Mean age: NR •Proportion male: NR | Secondary and community care in Denmark | Early interventions for first-episode psychosis (including assertive community treatment, psychoeducational family treatment, social skills training and low dose antipsychotic medication) for two years | Standard care (community mental health centres) | 5 years |
Health Quality Ontario 2018 [36] | Newly diagnosed psychosis | State transition (Markov) model | Canada | CBT for psychosis (delivered by physicians or non-physicians) plus usual care | Usual care (medications, inpatient and outpatient mental health services) | 5Â years |
Jin et al., 2020 [29] | First-episode psychosis | Discrete event simulation whole-disease model | Secondary care in the UK | First-line oral antipsychotic medication (quetiapine, haloperidol, ariprazole, risperidone, amisulpride, olanzapine and placebo) | Interventions were compared with each other | Lifetime |
Antipsychotic medication plus family intervention | Family intervention alone or antipsychotic medication alone | |||||
McCrone et al., 2010 [37] | First-episode psychosis or had previously disengaged without treatment | RCT •N = 144 •Mean age: 26 (intervention) and 27 (comparator) •Proportion male: 55% (intervention) and 74% (comparator) | Secondary and community care in the UK | Early intervention service (assertive outreach) which included low-dose medication regimes, CBT, family therapy and vocational rehabilitation | Standard care (community mental health teams with no extra training on dealing with psychosis) | 18 months |
Mihalopoulos et al., 2009 [38] | First-episode psychosis | Cohort with historical control group •N = 65 •Mean age: 22 •Proportion male: 65% | Secondary and community care in Australia | Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre (EPPIC) care (including assessment team, inpatient unit, outpatient management service and smaller therapeutic programs) | Treatment as usual (community care) | 8 years |
Rosenheck et al., 2016 [39] | First-episode psychosis | RCT •N = 404 •Mean age: 23 •Proportion male: 77% (intervention) and 66% (comparator) | Community care in the USA | Navigate early intervention package (including personalised medication management, family psychoeducation, individual resilience-focused illness self-management therapy and supported education and employment) | Standard (community) care | 2 years |
Stant et al., 2007 [40] | First-episode non-affective psychosis | RCT •N = 128 •Mean age: NR •Proportion male: 69% (intervention) and 70% (comparator) | Community care in the Netherlands | Guided discontinuation strategy (consisting of gradually tapering antipsychotic doses and eventually discontinuing antipsychotics if feasible) | Maintenance treatment | 2 years |
Wong et al., 2011 [41] | First-episode psychosis | Retrospective with historical control •N = 130 •Mean age:23 (intervention) and 24 (comparator) •Proportion male: 52% (intervention) and 54% (comparator) | Secondary and community care in Hong Kong | EASY, a specialized multi-disciplinary service programme (including public education facilitating early detection and a comprehensive intervention) | Standard care (‘pre-EASY’)—a publicly funded general psychiatric service with inpatient and outpatient service and community support | 2 years |