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Table 2 Hierarchical linear regression coefficients for different PTSD symptoms (N = 1,055)

From: Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among patients with mental disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic

Variables

PTSD

Intrusion subscale

Avoidance subscale

Hyperarousal subscale

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Socio-demographics characteristics

Sex (male)

-0.05

-0.00

-0.01

0.01

-0.03

0.02

0.02

0.03

-0.04

-0.01

-0.01

0.00

-0.07*

-0.02

-0.02

0.00

Age

-0.00

0.03

0.05

0.12**

0.08

0.10*

0.16*

0.18***

0.02

0.04

0.05

0.10*

-0.11*

-0.06

-0.04

0.03

Education

-0.04

-0.02

-0.00

0.01

-0.02

0.00

0.01

0.03

-0.04

-0.02

-0.01

0.00

-0.04

-0.03

-0.01

0.00

Employment (part-time)

-0.08*

-0.06*

-0.06*

-0.03

-0.06

-0.05

-0.05

-0.03

-0.06

-0.05

-0.06

-0.03

-0.08*

-0.06*

-0.06*

-0.02

Employment (unemployed)

-0.04

-0.01

-0.03

-0.00

-0.06

-0.03

-0.04

-0.03

-0.02

0.01

-0.00

0.02

-0.04

-0.01

-0.03

-0.00

Employment (retired)

-0.06

-0.07

-0.08

-0.07*

-0.06

-0.07

-0.07

-0.07*

-0.06

-0.07

-0.07

-0.07

-0.03

-0.05

-0.05

-0.04

Employment (student)

-0.08

-0.05

-0.05

-0.04

-0.07

-0.04

-0.04

-0.03

-0.06

-0.04

-0.04

-0.03

-0.09*

-0.06

-0.06

-0.05

Marital status (unmarried)

-0.03

-0.00

-0.01

0.01

-0.04

-0.02

-0.03

-0.00

-0.00

0.02

0.01

0.03

-0.03

-0.01

-0.02

-0.00

Marital status (others)

0.01

0.03

0.03

0.00

-0.04

-0.01

-0.01

-0.03

0.05

0.07*

0.07*

0.05

-0.00

0.01

0.01

-0.02

Income

-0.02

0.01

0.01

-0.04

-0.01

0.01

0.02

-0.02

-0.04

-0.03

-0.03

-0.05

0.01

0.04

0.04

-0.01

Residence (urban)

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

-0.01

-0.01

-0.01

-0.01

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04*

Live (alone)

0.00

0.01

0.00

0.02

0.05

0.02

0.01

0.02

0.01

0.02

0.01

0.02

-0.02

-0.01

-0.02

0.00

Live (hospital)

0.01

-0.00

-0.01

-0.00

0.04

0.02

0.02

0.02

-0.00

-0.02

-0.02

-0.02

-0.01

-0.01

-0.02

-0.01

Live (others)

-0.06*

-0.06

-0.05

-0.03

-0.05

-0.04

-0.03

-0.02

-0.07*

-0.06

-0.05

-0.05

-0.05

-0.04

-0.03

-0.02

Infection (yes)

0.02

-0.01

-0.01

0.01

0.02

0.01

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.00

0.00

0.01

0.00

-0.02

-0.02

0.01

Substance use

0.14***

0.06*

0.05

-0.01

0.11**

0.05

0.04

-0.01

0.12***

0.06

0.05

0.01

0.15***

0.06

0.05

-0.02

Medication (yes)

-0.00

-0.05

-0.03

-0.05

-0.03

-0.08*

-0.06

-0.08*

0.01

-0.03

-0.02

-0.03

0.02

-0.03

-0.01

-0.04

Diagnosis (anxiety)

0.04

0.06

0.05

0.05

0.02

0.03

0.03

0.02

0.06

0.07

0.06

0.07

0.04

0.04

0.03

0.02

Diagnosis (depression)

0.11**

0.07

0.04

-0.04

0.10

0.06

0.04

-0.03

0.04

0.01

-0.01

-0.05

0.18***

0.12**

0.09*

-0.02

Diagnosis (bipolar)

0.07

0.01

-0.00

0.01

0.06*

0.01

0.00

0.01

0.05

0.01

0.00

0.01

0.07

-0.00

-0.01

-0.01

COVID-19-related factors

Fear of pandemic

0.27***

0.27***

0.20***

 

0.31***

0.31***

0.25***

 

0.22***

0.22***

0.17***

 

0.19***

0.19***

0.11***

Increased pressure

0.37***

0.32***

0.04

 

0.27***

0.24***

0.01

 

0.23***

0.20***

0.02

 

0.50***

0.44***

0.09*

Psychiatric treatment

0.06

0.06

0.05

 

0.07*

0.07*

0.06*

 

0.05

0.05

0.05

 

0.03

0.04

0.03

Mental health guidance

-0.01

-0.03

-0.05*

 

0.01

-0.00

-0.03

 

-0.06

-0.07*

-0.08**

 

0.03

0.01

-0.02

Medication barrier

-0.14**

-0.12**

0.03

 

-0.10*

-0.09

0.03

 

-0.06

-0.05

0.04

 

-0.22***

-0.20***

-0.01

Support

Social support

 

-0.04

-0.04

  

-0.02

-0.02

  

-0.05

-0.05

  

-0.04

-0.03

Family support

 

-0.10**

0.01

  

-0.11**

-0.02

  

-0.07

-0.00

  

-0.09**

0.05*

Friends support

 

-0.09*

-0.03

  

-0.05

-0.00

  

-0.05

-0.02

  

-0.16***

-0.05*

Psychosomatic factors

Loneliness

   

0.05

   

0.01

   

0.05

   

0.06*

Quality of life

   

0.05

   

0.06

   

0.09*

   

-0.03

Sleep quality

   

0.04

   

0.05

   

0.00

   

0.06**

Anxiety

   

0.47***

   

0.41***

   

0.35***

   

0.51***

Depression

   

0.13**

   

0.11*

   

0.06

   

0.19***

Adjusted R 2

0.02

0.18

0.21

0.45

0.02

0.17

0.19

0.36

0.01

0.10

0.12

0.23

0.05

0.21

0.26

0.62

â–³R 2

0.02**

0.16***

0.04***

0.24***

0.02**

0.15***

0.02***

0.17***

0.01*

0.09***

0.02***

0.11***

0.05***

0.16***

0.05***

0.35***

  1. Note. All the regression coefficients in the above table were standardized regression coefficients. All categorical variables were coded as dummy variables in the regression models. Sociodemographic variables (e.g., sex, age, etc.) were entered in Model 1; COVID-19 related factors (e.g., fear of pandemic, increased pressure, etc.) were entered in Model 2; Support (i.e., social, family and friends support) were entered in Model 3; Psychosomatic factors (e.g., Loneliness, sleep quality, etc.) were entered in Model 4. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001