Table 1 Participant Characteristics at Baseline and Follow-up (SEBAS 2000 and SEBAS 2006)
Variable | SEBAS2000 | SEBAS2006 | Paired t or χ2 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years, mean ± SD) | 66.0±7.3 | 72.0±7.2 | -203.27 | <0.001 |
Sex (Male/Female) | 370/259 | 370/259 | - | - |
Marital status (n/%) | 34.3 | <0.001 | ||
Unmarried | 139(22.1) | 180(28.6) | ||
Married | 490(77.9) | 449(71.4) | ||
Living alone (n/%) | 10.8 | 0.001 | ||
Yes | 36(5.7) | 57(9.1) | ||
No | 593(94.3) | 572(90.9) | ||
Loneliness | 0.13 | 0.72 | ||
Yes | 91 (14.4) | 87 (13.8) | ||
No | 538 (85.6) | 542 (86.2) | ||
Education (n/%) | - | - | ||
No schooling | 162 (25.8) | 162 (25.8) | ||
Elementary (<6 yrs) Junior High (7-9 yrs) Senior High (9-12 yrs) College (>12 yrs) | 278 (44.2) 68 (10.8) 69 (11.0) 52 (8.2) | 278 (44.2) 68 (10.8) 69 (11.0) 52 (8.2) | ||
Health status (n/%) High blood pressure | 56.9 | <0.001 | ||
Yes | 174 (27.7) | 259 (41.2) | ||
No | 455 (72.3) | 370 (58.8) | ||
Diabetes | 44.6 | <0.001 | ||
Yes | 76 (12.1) | 126 (20.0) | ||
No | 553 (87.9) | 503 (80.0) | ||
Heart disease | 26.0 | <0.001 | ||
Yes | 85 (13.5) | 142 (22.6) | ||
No | 544 (86.4) | 487 (77.4) | ||
Stroke | 24.1 | <0.001 | ||
Yes | 8 (1.3) | 34 (5.4) | ||
No | 621 (98.7) | 595 (94.6) | ||
Cancer/malignant tumor | 2.6 | 0.10 | ||
Yes | 4 (0.6) | 10 (1.6) | ||
No | 625 (99.4) | 619 (98.4) | ||
Lower respiratory disease | 0.06 | 0.80 | ||
Yes | 48 (7.6) | 50 (8.0) | ||
No | 581 (92.4) | 579 (92.0) | ||
Arthritis/rheumatism | 3.6 | 0.06 | ||
Yes | 97 (15.4) | 118 (18.8) | ||
No | 532 (84.6) | 511 (81.2) | ||
Liver/gall bladder disease | 6.5 | 0.01 | ||
Yes | 23 (3.7) | 41 (6.5) | ||
No | 606 (96.3) | 588 (93.5) | ||
Kidney disease | 3.2 | 0.07 | ||
Yes | 27 (4.3) | 40 (6.4) | ||
No | 602 (95.7) | 589 (93.6) | ||
Perceived Stress Scale | - | 9.1±6.4 | - | - |
Stress-related biomarkers Cortisol levels | 19.7±18.3 | 12.1±17.2 | 7.64 | <0.001 |
IL-6 levels | 2.9±3.3 | 4.0±6.0 | -4.06 | <0.001 |
hsCRP | - | 0.3±0.6 | - | - |
Depression (CES-D)# Disability | 4.7±4.8 | 4.9±5.2 | -0.87 | 0.39 |
Motility | 2.7±4.2 | 5.1±6.2 | -11.8 | <0.001 |
IADLs | 0.6±1.8 | 2.0±3.6 | -10.8 | <0.001 |