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Table 4 Four-Combination Effects of Baseline Loneliness and Isolated Living status on Stress-related Biomarkers, Depressive Symptoms, and Disability 6 Years Later

From: Loneliness and isolated living status in middle-aged and older adults in Taiwan: exploration on stress-related biomarkers, depressive symptoms, and disability

 

Cortisol

IL-6

hsCRP

B(95%CI)

R2

p

B(95%CI)

R2

p

B(95%CI)

R2

p

Model 1: Unconditional

 

0.03

0.004

 

0.02

0.02

 

0.04

<0.001

 Lonely and Isolated

-1.79 (-7.79 to 4.21)

  

1.47 (-0.52 to 3.46)

  

-0.003 (-0.21 to 0.21)

  

 Not Lonely, but Isolated

-2.70 (-6.85 to 1.45)

  

0.24 (-1.19 to 1.67)

  

0.04 (-0.12 to 0.19)

  

 Lonely, but Not Isolated

9.11 (3.47 to 14.75)

  

2.96 (1.02 to 4.91)

  

0.50 (0.30 to 0.71)

  

Model 2: Baseline adjusted

 

0.04

<0.001

 

0.11

<0.001

 

-

-

 Lonely and Isolated

-0.60 (-6.62 to 5.42)

  

0.99 (-0.92 to 2.91)

  

-

  

 Not Lonely, but Isolated

-2.01 (-6.17 to 2.14)

  

0.25 (-1.14 to 1.64)

  

-

  

 Lonely, but Not Isolated

9.34 (3.73 to 14.95)

  

3.20 (1.31 to 5.09)

  

-

  

Model 3: Full adjusted

 

0.08

<0.001

 

0.13

<0.001

 

0.07

<0.001

 Lonely and Isolated

0.41 (-6.06 to 6.89)

  

0.42 (-1.68 to 1.63)

  

-0.09 (-0.32 to 0.14)

  

 Not Lonely, but Isolated

-1.60 (-5.94 to 2.74)

  

-0.06 (-1.53 to 1.41)

  

0.05 (-0.11 to 0.21)

  

 Lonely, but Not Isolated

9.25 (3.24 to 15.27)

  

2.76 (0.72 to 4.79)

  

0.40 (0.17 to 0.62)

  
 

#CES-D score

  

Mobility

  

IADL

  

B(95%CI)

R2

p

B(95%CI)

R2

p

B(95%CI)

R2

p

Model 1: Unconditional

 

0.05

<0.001

 

0.04

<0.001

 

0.03

<0.001

 Lonely and Isolated

4.15 (2.54 to 5.77)

  

4.07 (2.15 to 5.98)

  

1.92 (0.78 to 3.06)

  

 Not Lonely, but Isolated

1.14 (0.03 to 2.25)

  

2.38 (1.07 to 3.70)

  

1.35 (0.57 to 2.13)

  

 Lonely, but Not Isolated

2.31 (0.80 to 3.82)

  

2.02 (0.23 to 3.81)

  

0.95 (-0.11 to 2.02)

  

Model 2: Baseline adjusted

 

0.13

<0.001

 

0.36

<0.001

 

0.29

<0.001

 Lonely and Isolated

2.34 (0.72 to 3.97)

  

1.18 (-0.43 to 2.79)

  

0.90 (-0.09 to 1.89)

  

 Not Lonely, but Isolated

0.97 (-0.10 to 2.03)

  

0.86 (-0.24 to 1.95)

  

0.74 (0.06 to 1.41)

  

 Lonely, but Not Isolated

0.07 (-1.49 to 1.64)

  

-0.90 (-2.41 to 0.60)

  

-0.25 (-1.18 to 0.68)

  

Model 3: Full adjusted

 

0.22

<0.001

 

0.41

<0.001

 

0.35

<0.001

 Lonely and Isolated

1.70 (0.11 to 3.30)

  

0.19 (-1.41 to 1.79)

  

0.29 (-0.65 to 1.22)

  

 Not Lonely, but Isolated

0.48 (-0.62 to 1.58)

  

-0.35 (-1.45 to 0.75)

  

0.10 (-0.54 to 0.75)

  

 Lonely, but Not Isolated

-0.61 (-2.15 to 0.92)

  

-1.15 (-2.70 to 0.39)

  

-0.29 (-1.19 to 0.61)

  
  1. Note. The “Neither Lonely, nor Isolated” group was the reference group. 2. CES-D The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; IADL Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; IL-6 Interleukin-6; hsCRP High sensitivity C-reactive protein. #9-item CES-D score (excluding lonely). 3. Bold numbers indicate significance (p < 0.05)