A prospective observational study exploring the association of comorbid chronic health conditions with total healthcare expenditure in people with mental health conditions in an Asian setting

Table 3 Multivariable analysis findings for total healthcare expenditure

Total Cost per Year		Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4		Model 5
Total Cost per Year		b	SE	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE
Any Mental Health Condition (MHC)		-0.112	0.16	0.376*	0.174	0.508*	0.236
Age group (ref: 18–34)	35–49			0.462**	0.171	0.065	0.195	1.117**	0.414	-0.233	0.203
	50–64			1.436***	0.168	0.809***	0.207	-0.0693	0.523	0.801***	0.212
	65 +			2.062***	0.184	0.885***	0.265	1.023	0.743	0.733**	0.266
Sex (ref: Male)	Female					0.00419	0.139	-0.0278	0.32	0.0218	0.141
Race (ref: Chinese)	Malay					0.0642	0.185	-0.0333	0.441	0.127	0.189
	Indian					0.425*	0.186	0.939*	0.421	0.35	0.190
	Others					0.0311	0.274	0.641	0.655	0.0669	0.281
Education (ref: Primary and below)	Secondary/ Junior College/ ITE					-0.0198	0.207	0.117	0.509	-0.0151	0.211
Education (ref: Primary and below)	Diploma/Degree					-0.554*	0.225	-0.214	0.558	-0.523*	0.231
No. of CMC						0.321***	0.052	0.303**	0.109	0.335***	0.050
Interaction term^a	MHC*No. of CMC					-0.135	0.105
	Constant	7.240***	0.0652	5.986***	0.118	5.917***	0.284	5.545***	0.685	5.970***	0.288
	Observations	3077		3077		3077		511		2566

Abbreviations: MHC Mental Health Condition, ITE Institute of Technical Education, CMC Chronic Medical Condition
Models 1, 2 and 3: All respondents; Model 4: Respondents with MHC; Model 5: Respondents without MHC
^aInteraction term between any MHC and Number of CMC
^*p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

ISSN: 1471-244X