From: Impact of post-COVID conditions on mental health: a cross-sectional study in Japan and Sweden
 | Overview | Japanese | Swedish | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Non-infected people (n = 628) | Without post-COVID conditions (n = 85) | With post-COVID conditions (n = 50) | Non-infected people (n = 300) | Without post-COVID conditions (n = 51) | With post-COVID conditions (n = 36) | Non-infected people (n = 328) | Without post-COVID conditions (n = 34) | With post-COVID conditions (n = 14) |
 | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) |
Age a | 36.4 ± 15.0 | 37.3 ± 16.3 | 39.9 ± 14.7 | 43.9 ± 16.8 | 43.9 ± 16.8 | 43.8 ± 14.6 | 29.5 ± 8.6 | 27.4 ± 9.0 | 30.0 ± 9.4 |
Diagnosed mental illness (yes) | 168 (26.8) | 29 (34.1) | 29 (58.0) | 53 (17.7) | 18 (35.3) | 21 (58.3) | 115 (35.1) | 11 (32.4) | 8 (57.1) |
 Depression | 129 (20.5) | 15 (17.6) | 20 (40.0) | 40 (13.3) | 7 (13.7) | 14 (38.9) | 89 (27.1) | 8 (23.5) | 6 (42.9) |
 Bipolar disorder or schizophrenia | 12 (1.9) | 4 (4.7) | 8 (16.0) | 8 (2.7) | 2 (3.9) | 8 (22.2) | 4 (1.2) | 2 (5.9) | - |
 Anxiety disorder | 65 (10.4) | 9 (10.6) | 13 (26.0) | 14 (4.7) | 6 (11.8) | 11 (30.6) | 51 (15.5) | 3 (8.8) | 2 (14.3) |
 PTSD | 11 (1.8) | 3 (3.5) | 4 (8.0) | 2 (0.7) | 3 (5.9) | 4 (11.1) | 9 (2.7) | - | - |
 OCD | 10 (1.6) | 2 (2.4) | 6 (12.0) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (2.0) | 6 (16.7) | 9 (2.7) | 1 (2.9) | - |
 Panic disorder | 27 (4.3) | 6 (7.1) | 10 (20.0) | 9 (3.0) | 5 (9.8) | 9 (25.0) | 18 (5.5) | 1 (2.9) | 1 (7.1) |
 Eating disorders | 16 (2.5) | 3 (3.5) | 6 (12.0) | 1 (0.3) | 3 (5.9) | 4 (11.1) | 15 (4.6) | - | 2 (14.3) |
 Substance Use Disorder | 4 (0.6) | 3 (3.5) | 6 (12.0) | - | 3 (3.5) | 5 (13.9) | 4 (1.2) | - | 1 (7.1) |
 ADHD | 5 (0.8) | 1(1.2) | 1 (2.0) | - | - | - | 5 (1.5) | 1 (2.9) | 1 (7.1) |
 ADD | 1 (0.2) | - | - | - | - |  | 1 (0.3) |  |  |
 ASD | 5 (0.8) | - | - | 1 (0.3) | - | - | 4 (1.2) | - | - |
 Schizophrenia personality disorder | 1 (0.2) | - | - |  | - | - | 1 (0.3) |  |  |
 Borderline personality disorder | 1 (0.2) | - | - |  | - | - | 1 (0.3) |  |  |
Physical illness (yes) | 138 (22.0) | 24 (28.2) | 30 (60.0) | 68 (22.7) | 20 (39.2) | 27 (75.0) | 70 (21.3) | 4 (11.8) | 3 (21.4) |
 High blood pressure | 51 (8.1) | 15 (17.6) | 22 (44.0) | 43 (14.3) | 14 (27.5) | 22 (61.1) | 8 (2.4) | 1 (2.9) | - |
 Asthma | 48 (7.6) | 6 (7.1) | 12 (24.0) | 13 (4.3) | 3 (5.9) | 9 (25.0) | 35 (10.7) | 3 (8.8) | 3 (21.4) |
 Diabetes | 23 (3.7) | 7 (8.2) | 10 (20.0) | 15 (5.0) | 6 (11.8) | 10 (27.8) | 8 (2.4) | 1 (2.9) | - |
 Cancer |  | 2 (2.4) |  | - | 2 (4.0) | - | - | - | - |
 Renal failure |  | 1 (1.2) | - | - | 1 (2.0) | - | - | - | - |
 Chronic nephritis |  | 1 (1.2) | - | - | 1 (2.0) | - | - | - | - |
 Other | 28 (4.5) |  |  | 8 (2.6) |  |  | 20 (6.1) |  |  |
Hospitalization (yes) | - | 23 (27.1) | 25 (50.0) | - | 23 (45.1) | 25 (69.4) | - | - | - |
 Ventilator | - | 10 (11.8) | 13 (26.0) | - | 10 (19.6) | 13 (36.1) | - | - | - |
 Days to recovery b | - | 23.8 ± 30.4 | 35.2 ± 39.1 | - | 29.27 ± 36.1 | 35. 2 ± 33.6 | - | 15.6 ± 16.1 | 35.1 ± 52.2 |
Infectious symptoms (yes) | - | 79 (82.4) | 50 (100.0) | - | 39 (76.5) | 36 (100) | - | 34 (100.0) | 14 (100.0) |
 Heat | - | 45 (52.9) | 38 (76.0) | - | 27 (52.9) | 27 (75.0) | - | 18 (52.9) | 11 (78.6) |
 Cough | - | 29 (34.1) | 24 (48.0) | - | 12 (23.5) | 17 (47.2) | - | 17 (50.0) | 7 (50.0) |
 Fatigue, tiredness | - | 39 (45.9) | 26 (52.0) | - | 14 (27.5) | 16 (44.4) | - | 25 (73.5) | 10 (71.4) |
 Dyspnea | - | 5 (5.9) | 11 (22.0) | - | 3 (5.9) | 10 (27.8) | - | 2 (5.9) | 1 (7.1) |
 Olfactory dysfunction | - | 13 (15.3) | 19 (38.0) | - | 3 (5.9) | 11 (30.6) | - | 10 (29.4) | 8 (57.1) |
 Dysgeusia | - | 20 (23.5) | 17 (34.0) | - | 7 (13.7) | 11 (30.6) | - | 13 (38.2) | 6 (42.9) |
 Increased sputum | - | 8 (9.4) | 9 (18.0) | - | 2 (3.9) | 5 (13.9) | - | 6 (17.6) | 4 (28.6) |
 Chest pain | - | 5 (5.9) | 10 (20.0) | - | 3 (5.9) | 8 (22.2) | - | 2 (5.9) | 2 (14.3) |
 Joint pain | - | 11 (12.9) | 16 (32.0) | - | 3 (5.9) | 7 (19.4) | - | 8 (23.5) | 9 (64.3) |
 Muscle pain | - | 10 (11.8) | 13 (26.0) | - | 1 (2.0) | 8 (22.2) | - | 9 (26.5) | 5 (35.7) |
 Headache | - | 23 (27.1) | 16 (32.0) | - | 3 (5.9) | 9 (25.0) | - | 20 (58.8) | 7 (50.0) |
 Palpitations | - | 1 (1.2) | 9 (18.0) | - | 1 (2.0) | 5 (13.9) | - | - | 4 (28.6) |
 Hair loss | - | 1 (1.2) | 3 (6.0) | - | 1 (2.0) | 3 (8.3) | - | - | - |
 Sore throat | - | 4 (4.7) | 3 (6.0) | - | 2 (4.0) | 2 (5.6) | - | 2 (5.9) | 1 (7.1) |
 Urination disorder | - | 1 (1.2) | - | - | 1 (2.0) | - | - | - | - |
 Nasal congestion | - | - | 1 (2.0) | - | - | 1 (2.8) | - | - | - |
 Chills | - | 1 (1.2) | - | - | 1 (2.0) | - | - | - | - |
 Diarrhea | - | - | 1 (2.0) | - | - | - | - | - | 1 (7.1) |
 Nosebleed | - | 1 (1.2) | - | - | - | - | - | 1 (2.9) | - |
 Herpes labialis | - | 1 (1.2) | - | - | - | - | - | 1 (2.9) | - |
 Common cold | - | 1 (1.2) | - | - | - | - | - | 1 (2.9) | - |
 Respiratory tract infection | - | 1 (1.2) | - | - | - | - |  | 1 (2.9) | - |
 Insomnia | - | 4 (4.7) | 4 (8.0) | - | 1 (2.0) | 2 (5.6) | - | 3 (8.8) | 2 (14.3) |
 Anxiety | - | 5 (5.9) | 6 (12.0) | - | 4 (7.8) | 4 (11.1) | - | 1 (2.9) | 2 (14.3) |
 Depression | - | 4 (4.7) | 5 (10.0) | - | 3 (5.9) | 3 (8.3) | - | 1 (2.9) | 2 (14.3) |
Post-COVID conditions (yes) | - | - | - | - | - | Â | - | - | Â |
 Heat | - | - | 7 (14.0) | - | - | 4 (11.1) | - | - | 3 (21.4) |
 Cough | - | - | 8 (16.0) | - | - | 6 (16.7) | - | - | 2 (14.3) |
 Fatigue, tiredness | - | - | 19 (38.0) | - | - | 10 (27.8) | - | - | 9 (64.3) |
 Dyspnea | - | - | 5 (10.0) | - | - | 4 (11.1) | - | - | 1 (7.1) |
 Olfactory dysfunction | - | - | 12 (24.0) | - | - | 7 (19.4) | - | - | 5 (35.7) |
 Dysgeusia | - | - | 13 (26.0) | - | - | 11 (30.6) | - | - | 2 (14.3) |
 Increased sputum | - | - | 6 (12.0) | - | - | 4 (11.1) | - | - | 2 (14.3) |
 Chest pain | - | - | 7 (14.0) | - | - | 6 (16.7) | - | - | 1 (7.1) |
 Joint pain | - | - | 5 (10.0) | - | - | 3 (8.3) | - | - | 2 (14.3) |
 Muscle pain | - | - | 6 (12.0) | - | - | 4 (11.1) | - | - | 2 (14.3) |
 Headache | - | - | 5 (10.0) | - | - | 3 (8.3) | - | - | 2 (14.3) |
 Palpitations | - | - | 6 (12.0) | - | - | 5 (13.9) | - | - | 1 (7.1) |
 Hair loss | - | - | 5 (10.0) | - | - | 4 (11.1) | - | - | 1 (7.1) |
 Sore throat | - | - | 1 (2.0) | - | - | 1 (2.8) | - | - | - |
 Feeling like stinging in your left hand | - | - | 1 (2.0) | - | - | - | - | - | 1 (7.1) |
Clinical scales | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | - | - | Â |
 FCV-19S ≥ 18 | 269 (42.8) | 39 (45.9) | 36 (72.0) | 191 (63.7) | 35 (68.6) | 32 (88.9) | 78 (23.8) | 4 (11.8) | 4 (28.6) |
 PHQ ≥ 10 | 190 (30.3) | 25 (29.4) | 28 (56.0) | 72 (24.0) | 17 (33.3) | 22 (61.1) | 118 (36.0) | 8 (23.5) | 6 (42.9) |
 GAD ≥ 10 | 105 (16.7) | 13 (15.3) | 20 (40.0) | 45 (15.0) | 11 (21.6) | 16 (44.4) | 60 (18.3) | 2 (5.9) | 4 (28.6) |
 IES-R ≥ 25 | 192 (30.6) | 35 (41.2) | 33 (66.0) | 95 (31.7) | 25 (49.0) | 26 (72.2) | 97 (29.6) | 10 (29.4) | 7 (50.0) |