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Table 2 Association of BADL functioning, marital and living arrangement status and social participation with major depression among older adults

From: Social support moderates the association of functional difficulty with major depression among community-dwelling older adults: evidence from LASI, 2017–18

Variables

AOR (95% CI) Model 1

AOR (95% CI) Model 2

AOR (95% CI) Model 3

AOR (95% CI) Model 4

Difficulty in BADL

 No

Ref

   

 Yes

2.53*** (2.17—2.95)

   

Difficulty in BADL X Marital status

 No/ Married

 

Ref

  

 No/ Unmarried

 

1.43*** (1.20—1.71)

  

 Yes/ Married

 

2.95*** (2.40—3.64)

  

 Yes/ Unmarried

 

3.02*** (2.46—3.70)

  

Difficulty in BADL X Living arrangement

 No/ Co-residential living

  

Ref

 

 No/ Separate living

  

1.19* (0.99—1.43)

 

 Yes/ Co-residential living

  

2.55*** (2.13—3.05)

 

 Yes/ Separate living

  

2.98*** (2.32—3.83)

 

Difficulty in BADL X Social participation

 No/ Yes

   

Ref

 No/ No

   

1.46*** (1.25—1.71)

 Yes/ Yes

   

2.93*** (2.25—3.82)

 Yes/ No

   

3.37*** (2.79—4.06)

Marital status

 Married

Ref

 

Ref

Ref

 Unmarried

1.26*** (1.08—1.48)

 

1.26*** (1.08—1.48)

1.26*** (1.08—1.48)

Living arrangement

 Co-residential living

Ref

Ref

 

Ref

 Separate living

1.18** (1.01—1.39)

1.18** (1.01—1.39)

 

1.18** (1.01—1.39)

Social participation

 Yes

Ref

Ref

Ref

 

 No

1.34*** (1.16—1.55)

1.34*** (1.16—1.55)

1.34*** (1.16—1.55)

 

Age (in years)

 60–69

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 70–79

0.83** (0.71—0.97)

0.83** (0.71—0.97)

0.83** (0.71—0.97)

0.83** (0.71—0.97)

 80 + 

0.86 (0.67—1.10)

0.87 (0.68—1.12)

0.86 (0.67—1.10)

0.87 (0.68—1.11)

Sex

 Male

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Female

1.37*** (1.15—1.64)

1.38*** (1.16—1.65)

1.37*** (1.15—1.64)

1.37*** (1.15—1.64)

Educational status

 No/ primary

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Secondary

0.89 (0.73—1.07)

0.89 (0.73—1.08)

0.89 (0.73—1.07)

0.89 (0.73—1.08)

 Higher

0.67** (0.49—0.93)

0.68** (0.49—0.94)

0.67** (0.49—0.93)

0.68** (0.49—0.94)

Working status

 Never

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Not

1.60*** (1.32—1.94)

1.60*** (1.32—1.94)

1.60*** (1.32—1.94)

1.59*** (1.31—1.93)

 Yes

1.45*** (1.17—1.81)

1.46*** (1.18—1.82)

1.45*** (1.17—1.81)

1.45*** (1.16—1.80)

 Retired

1.81*** (1.27—2.58)

1.80*** (1.26—2.58)

1.81*** (1.27—2.58)

1.79*** (1.26—2.56)

MPCE quintile

 Poorest

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Poorer

0.93 (0.77—1.12)

0.93 (0.77—1.12)

0.93 (0.77—1.12)

0.93 (0.77—1.12)

 Middle

1.02 (0.82—1.27)

1.02 (0.82—1.26)

1.02 (0.82—1.27)

1.02 (0.82—1.27)

 Richer

1.17 (0.95—1.44)

1.16 (0.94—1.43)

1.17 (0.95—1.44)

1.17 (0.95—1.44)

 Richest

1.40*** (1.13—1.72)

1.39*** (1.12—1.71)

1.40*** (1.13—1.72)

1.39*** (1.13—1.72)

Religion

 Hindu

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Muslim

1.29*** (1.09—1.53)

1.29*** (1.08—1.53)

1.29*** (1.09—1.53)

1.29*** (1.09—1.53)

 Others

1.09 (0.89—1.32)

1.09 (0.90—1.32)

1.09 (0.89—1.32)

1.09 (0.90—1.32)

Caste

 SC/ST

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 OBC

1.09 (0.87—1.36)

1.10 (0.88—1.37)

1.09 (0.87—1.36)

1.09 (0.87—1.36)

 Others

1.20 (0.92—1.56)

1.20 (0.92—1.56)

1.20 (0.92—1.56)

1.20 (0.92—1.57)

Place of residence

 Urban

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Rural

1.19** (1.01—1.42)

1.19** (1.01—1.42)

1.19** (1.01—1.42)

1.20** (1.01—1.42)

Region

 North

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Central

2.21*** (1.79—2.73)

2.20*** (1.78—2.71)

2.21*** (1.79—2.73)

2.20*** (1.79—2.71)

 East

1.05 (0.86—1.27)

1.04 (0.86—1.27)

1.05 (0.86—1.27)

1.05 (0.86—1.27)

 Northeast

0.82 (0.61—1.11)

0.82 (0.60—1.10)

0.82 (0.61—1.11)

0.82 (0.61—1.11)

 West

0.69*** (0.55—0.88)

0.69*** (0.55—0.87)

0.69*** (0.55—0.88)

0.70*** (0.55—0.88)

 South

0.92 (0.73—1.17)

0.92 (0.73—1.16)

0.92 (0.73—1.17)

0.92 (0.72—1.16)

Pseudo R2

0.0636

0.0644

0.0636

0.064

  1. X Interaction term, BADL Basic activities of daily living, MPCE Monthly per capita consumption expenditure