Table 2 Summary of studies including sample type, definition employed to describe DP, type of digital technology used, and dimension of depression assessed
N | N / ref | First Author | Year | Clinical Sample | Definition | Digital technology / Type of data (active and/or passive) | Dimensions of depression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | [1] | Abela | 2007 | No | ESM* | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood, cognitive style |
2 | [2] | Adams | 2009 | No | ESM* | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood, cognitive style |
3 | [6] | Bai | 2021 | Yes | DP* | Mobile app, Wrist sensor, GPS, Accelerometer, Smartphone comm logs, Screen activity (A/P) | Mood, psychomotor activity, sleep |
4 | [8] | Bartels | 2020 | No | ESM* | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood, social functioning, depression risk and protective factors (intervention) |
5 | [12] | Ben-Zeev | 2009 | Yes | ESM | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood |
6 | [13] | Ben-Zeev | 2015 | No | EMA* | Mobile app, GPS, Wi-Fi, Accelerometer, Audio recording, Ambient light (A/P) | Psychomotor activity, sleep, social functioning |
7 | [15] | Beute | 2018 | No | EMA | Mobile app (A) # | Mood, depression risk and protective factors (psychosomatic complains) |
8 | [16] | Bickham | 2015 | No | EMA* | Handheld computer (A) # | Depression risk and protective factors (media use) |
9 | [18] | Bos | 2019 | No | ESM* | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood |
10 | [21] | Bower | 2010 | Yes | ESM* | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood, sleep |
11 | [23] | Brose | 2017 | No | ESM* | Mobile app (A) # | Depression risk and protective factors (stress) |
12 | [24] | Brown | 2011 | No | ESM | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood, social functioning, cognitive performance |
13 | [25] | Burns | 2011 | No | EMA | Mobile app, GPS, Wi-Fi, Accelerometer, Smartphone comm logs, Ambient light (A/P) | Depression risk and protective factors (intervention) |
14 | [27] | Bylsma | 2011 | No | ESM | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood, social functioning |
15 | [29] | Cho | 2019 | Yes | DP | Mobile app, Wrist sensor, Accelerometer (A/P) | Mood, psychomotor activity, sleep |
16 | [30] | Chow | 2017 | No | ESM*, Mobile Sensing* | Mobile app, GPS (A/P) | Mood, psychomotor activity, social functioning |
17 | [31] | Chue | 2017 | No | EMA* | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood, social functioning |
18 | [33] | Clasen | 2015 | No | ESM* | Mobile app (A) # | Mood, cognitive style |
19 | [35] | Colombo | 2020 | No | EMA* | Mobile app (A) # | Mood |
20 | [37] | Cormack | 2019 | Yes | DP* | Mobile app, Wrist sensor, Accelerometer (A/P) | Mood, psychomotor activity, cognitive performance |
21 | [40] | Cushing | 2018 | No | EMA* | Mobile app, Accelerometer (A/P) | Mood, psychomotor activity |
22 | [45] | Dejonckheere | 2019 | No | ESM* | Mobile app (A) # | Mood, cognitive style |
23 | [46] | Demiralp | 2012 | Yes | ESM* | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood |
24 | [47] | Depp | 2015 | Yes | EMA | Mobile app (A) # | Depression risk and protective factors (intervention) |
25 | [49] | Di Matteo | 2020 | No | EMA | Mobile app, Smartphone comm logs (A/P) | Psychomotor activity, sleep, social functioning |
26 | [50] | Di Matteo | 2021 | No | Passive sensing* | Mobile app, Audio recordings (A/P) | Mood |
27 | [51] | Dietvorst | 2021 | No | ESM* | Mobile app, Online survey (A/P) | Mood |
28 | [52] | Difrancesco | 2018 | Yes | EMA*, AA* | Mobile app, Wrist sensor, Accelerometer (A/P) | Sleep, psychomotor activity |
29 | [53] | Eddington | 2017 | Yes | AA* | Mobile app (A) # | Depression risk and protective factors (intervention) |
30 | [56] | Elovainio | 2020 | No | EMA | Mobile app, Accelerometer, Online survey (A/P) | Sleep |
31 | [58] | Fang | 2019 | No | ESM | Mobile app (A) # | Cognitive style |
32 | [59] | Feiler | 2005 | Yes | Time series analysis | Handheld computer (A) # | Depression risk and protective factors (pain) |
33 | [65] | Gansner | 2020 | Yes | EMA | Mobile app (A/P) | Depression risk and protective factors (rheumatoid arthritis and pain) |
34 | [66] | Geyer | 2018 | No | EMA | Mobile app (A) # | Mood, social functioning |
35 | [67] | Giesbrecht | 2012 | No | EMA* | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood |
36 | [69] | Goldschmidt | 2014 | No | EMA | Handheld computer (A) # | Food intake |
37 | [71] | Graham-Engeland | 2016 | Yes | EMA | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood, depression risk and protective factors (rheumatoid arthritis and pain) |
38 | [72] | Gruber | 2013 | Yes | ESM | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood |
39 | [73] | Hahn | 2021 | No | DP* | Online survey (A) # | Mood |
40 | [74] | Hallensleben | 2017 | Yes | EMA | Mobile app (A) # | Suicidality |
41 | [76] | Hamilton | 2020 | No | EMA* | Mobile app (A) # | Sleep, depression risk and protective factors (social media use) |
42 | [77] | Hartmann | 2015 | Yes | ESM | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood, depression risk and protective factors (intervention) |
43 | [79] | Heninga | 2019 | Yes | ESM* | Mobile app (A) # | Mood, social functioning, psychomotor activity |
44 | [80] | Hepp | 2019 | Yes | AA | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood, social functioning |
45 | [82] | Hershenberg | 2017 | Yes | ESM* | Interactive voice recording (A) # | Mood, cognitive style |
46 | [83] | Holmes | 2016 | Yes | Time series analysis | Mobile app, Online survey (A) # | Depression risk and protective factors (intervention) |
47 | [85] | Huckins | 2020 | No | EMA | Mobile app, GPS, Accelerometer, Screen activity, Ambient light (A/P) | Depression risk and protective factors (COVID-19) |
48 | [86] | Huffziger (a) | 2013 | Yes | AA* | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood, cognitive style |
49 | [87] | Huffziger (b) | 2013 | No | AA* | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood, cognitive style |
50 | [88] | Hung | 2016 | Yes | EMA* | Mobile app (A) # | Mood, sleep, cognitive performance |
51 | [89] | Husky | 2009 | No | ESM* | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood |
52 | [91] | Jacobson (a) | 2019 | Yes | Digital biomarkers* | Wrist sensor, Accelerometer (P) | Psychomotor activity |
53 | [92] | Jacobson (b) | 2019 | Yes | DP* | Wrist sensor, Accelerometer, Ambient light (P) | Psychomotor activity |
54 | [93] | Jacobson (a) | 2020 | No | DP* | Mobile app, Accelerometer, Smartphone comm logs (A/P) | Social functioning, psychomotor activity |
55 | [94] | Jacobson (b) | 2020 | No | DP*, Passive sensing* | Mobile app, GPS, Wi-Fi, Smartphone comm logs, Ambient light (A/P) | Mood, social functioning, psychomotor activity |
56 | [97] | Jean | 2013 | Yes | EMA* | Handheld computer (A) # | Depression risk and protective factors (dep risk following stroke) |
57 | [100] | Kaufmann | 2016 | Yes | EMA | Mobile app (A) # | Mood, sleep |
58 | [102] | Khazanov | 2019 | Yes | EMA* | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood, cognitive style |
59 | [103] | Kim | 2013 | No | EMA | Handheld computer, Wrist sensor, Accelerometer (A/P) | Mood, psychomotor activity |
60 | [104] | Kim | 2014 | Yes | EMA* | Handheld computer, Wrist sensor, Accelerometer (A/P) | Mood, psychomotor activity |
61 | [105] | Kim | 2019 | No | EMA | Handheld computer, Wrist sensor, Accelerometer (A/P) | Mood, psychomotor activity, sleep |
62 | [106] | Kircanski | 2015 | No | ESM* | Handheld computer (A) # | Cognitive style |
63 | [109] | Koval | 2013 | No | ESM* | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood |
64 | [110] | Kramer | 2014 | Yes | EMA*, ESM | Handheld computer (A) # | Depression risk and protective factors (intervention) |
65 | [114] | Lavender | 2013 | Yes | EMA* | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood, food intake |
66 | [121] | Maher | 2018 | No | EMA | Mobile app (A) # | Mood |
67 | [122] | Mak | 2020 | Yes | EMA* | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood, dep risk and protective factors (rheumatoid disease and pain) |
68 | [125] | Mata | 2012 | Yes | ESM* | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood, psychomotor activity |
69 | [126] | McIntyre | 2021 | Yes | EMA | Mobile app, GPS, Smartphone comm logs (A/P) | Psychomotor activity, social functioning |
70 | [128] | Melcher | 2021 | No | DP | Mobile app, GPS, Accelerometer (A/P) | Psychomotor activity, sleep |
71 | [130] | Minaeva (a) | 2020 | Yes | ESM, AA* | Mobile app, Accelerometer (A/P) | Mood, psychomotor activity, sleep |
72 | [131] | Minaeva (b) | 2020 | No | EMA*, AA* | Wrist sensor, Accelerometer (P) | Mood, psychomotor activity |
73 | [134] | Moreno | 2012 | No | ESM | Mobile app, Online survey (A) # | Depression risk and protective factors (Internet use) |
74 | [135] | Moshe | 2021 | No | DP | Mobile app, Ring, GPS, Accelerometer, Smartphone comm logs, Screen activity (A/P) | Mood, psychomotor activity, sleep |
75 | [136] | Moukaddam | 2019 | Yes | DP*, EMA | Mobile app, GPS, Accelerometer, Smartphone comm logs, Screen activity, Ambient light (A/P) | Mood, social functioning, sleep |
76 | [138] | Narziev | 2020 | No | EMA*, Passive sensing | Mobile app, Wrist sensor, Accelerometer, Smartphone comm logs, Screen activity, Ambient light (A/P) | Mood, psychomotor activity, social functioning, sleep |
77 | [139] | Nelson | 2018 | Yes | EMA* | Mobile app (A) # | Mood |
78 | [141] | Nook | 2021 | No | ESM | Mobile app (A) # | Mood |
79 | [142] | Nylocks | 2019 | Yes | ESM* | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood, psychomotor activity |
80 | [143] | Odgers | 2017 | Yes | EMA* | Mobile app (A) # | Depression risk and protective factors (exposure to violence) |
81 | [144] | O’Leary | 2017 | Yes | ESM | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood, sleep |
82 | [147] | Panaite | 2018 | Yes | EMA* | Mobile app, Voice recording (A) # | Mood |
83 | [148] | Panaite | 2019 | No | EMA* | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood, cognitive style |
84 | [150] | Pasyugina | 2015 | No | ESM | Mobile app, Voice recording (A) # | Mood, cognitive style |
85 | [151] | Pe | 2014 | No | ESM* | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood |
86 | [152] | Pedrelli | 2020 | Yes | DP | Mobile app, Wrist sensor, GPS, Accelerometer, Smartphone comm logs (A/P) | Psychomotor activity, social functioning |
87 | [153] | Peterson | 2020 | Yes | EMA* | Mobile app (A) # | Depression risk and protective factors (intervention) |
88 | [154] | Place | 2017 | Yes | Mobile sensing | Mobile app, GPS, Wi-Fi, Accelerometer, Smartphone comm logs, Screen activity, Speech technology (A/P) | Psychomotor activity, social functioning |
89 | [155] | Putnam | 2007 | Yes | EMA* | Handheld computer (A) # | Cognitive style |
90 | [157] | Robbins | 2011 | Yes | EMA*, AA* | Audio recordings (P) | Depression risk and protective factors (rheumatoid arthritis) |
91 | [158] | Rodriguez | 2021 | No | ESM | Mobile app (A) # | Depression risk and protective factors (social media use) |
92 | [183] | Roekel | 2016 | No | ESM | Mobile app, handheld computer (A) # | Mood |
93 | [160] | Sagar | 2016 | Yes | EMA | Handheld computer (A) # | Depression risk and protective factors (marihuana use) |
94 | [162] | Schultebraucks | 2020 | Yes | DP* | Speech technology and facial recognition (A/P) | Psychomotor activity |
95 | [163] | Sears | 2018 | No | ESM* | Mobile app (A) # | Mood, social functioning |
96 | [166] | Sheets | 2020 | Yes | EMA | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood |
97 | [167] | Snippe | 2016 | Yes | ESM* | Handheld computer (A) # | Depression risk and protective factors (intervention) |
98 | [168] | Sperry | 2018 | No | ESM*, AA | Mobile app, Handheld computer, Chest patch (A/P) | Psychomotor activity, social functioning, food intake |
99 | [170] | Stasak | 2019 | Yes | DP* | Speech technology and facial recognition (A) # | Psychomotor activity, cognitive performance |
100 | [171] | Steenkamp | 2019 | Yes | ESM | Handheld computer (A) # | Depression risk and protective factors (childhood abuse) |
101 | [172] | Thompson | 2015 | No | ESM* | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood |
102 | [173] | Thompson | 2016 | Yes | ESM* | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood, cognitive style |
103 | [174] | Thompson | 2017 | Yes | ESM* | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood |
104 | [181] | Trull | 2008 | Yes | EMA | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood |
105 | [184] | Vansteelandt | 2019 | Yes | EMA | Handheld computer (A) # | Cognitive style |
106 | [186] | Verkuil | 2015 | No | EMA* | Handheld computer, Chest patch (A/P) | Mood, psychomotor activity |
107 | [187] | Vesel | 2020 | No | Digital biomarker* | Mobile app, Typing metadata (A/P) | Psychomotor activity, cognitive performance |
108 | [188] | Vranceanu | 2009 | No | EMA | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood, social functioning |
109 | [189] | Wahle | 2016 | No | Mobile sensing | Mobile app, GPS, Wi-Fi, Accelerometer, Smartphone comm logs (A/P) | Depression risk and protective factors (intervention) |
110 | [190] | Wang | 2021 | No | ESM* | Mobile app (A) # | Mood |
111 | [191] | Wenze | 2006 | No | ESM* | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood, cognitive style |
112 | [192] | Wenze | 2009 | No | ESM* | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood, cognitive style |
113 | [193] | Wenze | 2012 | No | ESM* | Handheld computer (A) # | Mood |
114 | [194] | Wenze | 2018 | No | EMA | Mobile app (A) # | Mood, social functioning |
115 | [196] | Worten-Chaudhari | 2017 | No | EMA* | Mobile app (A) # | Depression risk and protective factors (intervention) |
116 | [197] | Wu | 2016 | No | ESM* | Handheld computer (A) # | Cognitive style |
117 | [198] | Zhang, | 2019 | No | Digital biomarker* | Speech technology and facial recognition (A) # | Psychomotor activity |
118 | [200] | Zulueta | 2018 | Yes | DP | Mobile app, Accelerometer, Typing metadata (A/P) | Psychomotor activity, cognitive performance |