Fig. 3

Intensity of formal coercion before and after implementation of MCD. Dot plots of the intensity of types of formal coercion (as indicated on the y axis) per patient, showing only data from patients subjected to the respective type of coercion. The intensity of seclusion/mechanical restraint was calculated by summing the duration of individual episodes in the measurement period for each patient concerned. The intensity of coerced medication was calculated as the absolute frequency of coerced medications in the measurement period for each patient concerned (pre-/post-MCD = before/after implementation of monthly moral case deliberation). * = significant at α ≤ .05