From: Migration modulates the prevalence of ASD and ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis
First author (year) | Country | Design | No. participants | Definition and type of migration | Original area or country | Outcome | Outcome assessment | Effect indicator | NOS score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk of ASD | |||||||||
Croen et al. (2002) [42] | U.S. | Cohort | 3,551,306 | Maternal country of birth | California Other U.S. state Mexico Other | Autism | DSM-III-R and IV | RR | 9 |
Hultman et al. (2002) [43] | Sweden | Nested case-control | Case: 408 Control: 2040 | Maternal country of birth | Nordic Europe and North America Outside Europe and North America | Infantile autism | ICD-9 | OR | 7 |
Lauritsen et al. (2005) [44] | Denmark | Cohort | 943,664 | Maternal country of birth | Denmark Scandinavia and Europe (except Denmark) Outside Europe | Childhood autism or atypical autism | ICD-10 | RR | 9 |
Maimburg et al. (2006) [23] | Denmark | Case-control | Case: 473 Control: 4730 | Parent with foreign citizenship | – | Infantile autism | ICD-8 and ICD-10 | OR | 7 |
Williams et al. (2008) [45] | Australia | Case-control | Case: 182 Control: 85,685 | Maternal country of birth | – | Autistic disorder | DSM-IV | OR | 6 |
Keen et al. (2010) [46] | U.K. | Cohort | Lambeth: 137 cases Wandsworth: 258 cases | Maternal region of birth | U.K. Other Europe Africa Caribbean Asia Elsewhere | ASD | ICD-10 | RR | 7 |
Haglund et al. (2011) [47] | Sweden | Case-control | Case:157 (autism) 93 (Asperger) Control: 68,964 | Maternal country of birth | – | Autism or Asperger’s syndrome | DSM-III and IV, ICD-10, and Gillberg criteria. | OR | 7 |
Magnusson et al. (2012) [24] | Sweden | Nested case-control study | Case: 3918 Control: 40,045 | Parental country of birth | Sweden Northern Africa Eastern Africa Other African Northern America Latin America/Caribbean Southern Asia Western Asia Other Asian Northern Europe Eastern Europe Southern Europe Western Europe | ASD, ASD comorbid intellectual disability or not | Structured diagnostic assessments. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Snijders-Oomen Non-Verbal Intelligence Test (Revised), and Leiter | OR | 8 |
Lehti et al. (2013) [18] | Finland | Nested case-control study | Case: 1132 Control: 4515 | Parental country of birth | Finnish Western countries Former Soviet Union and former Yugoslavia Sub-Saharan Africa North Africa, Middle East Asia | Autism | ICD-9 and ICD-10 | OR | 8 |
Singh et al. (2013) [48] | U.S. | Cross-sectional | 91,532 | Children with one or both immigrant parents (born outside the U.S.) | U.S.-born non-Hispanic white children Hispanic immigrant children Non-Hispanic white immigrant children Non-Hispanic black immigrant children Asian immigrant children Other immigrant children | ASD, ADHD | Question based | OR | 7 |
van der Ven et al. (2013) [22] | Netherlands | Cohort | 106,953 | Paternal country of birth | Netherlands Developing countries Turkey Morocco Suriname and Dutch Antilles Other Developed countries | ASD, autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDDNOS) | DSM-IV | RR | 8 |
Becerra et al. (2014) [49] | U.S. | Cohort | 1,626,354 | Parental country of birth | U.S.-born Foreign-born | Autistic disorder and Autistic disorder comorbid intellectual disability | DSM- IV-R and ICD-9-CM as reported on the DDS Client Development Evaluation Report (CDER). | RR | 9 |
Abdullahi et al. (2019) [41] | Australia | Cohort | 765,064 | Maternal country of birth | Australian-born mothers Foreign-born mothers from low-income countries Foreign-born mothers from lower-middle-income countries Foreign-born mothers from upper-middle-income countries Foreign-born mothers from high-income countries | ASD with/without intellectual disability | NR | RR | 7 |
Risk of ADHD | |||||||||
Huss et al. (2008) [28] | German | Cross-sectional | 17,461 | Children with migration history | – | ADHD and potential ADHD | ICD-10 and DSM-IV | OR | 7 |
Lehti et al. (2016) [29] | Finland | Nested case-control study | Case: 10,409 Control: 39,124 | Immigrant parents were defined as those who were born abroad and not native Finnish speakers. | Finland Western countries Former Soviet Union and former Yugoslavia Sub-Saharan Africa North Africa, Middle East Asia Latin America | ADHD | ICD-9 and ICD-10 | OR | 9 |
Cotter et al. (2019) [50] | Ireland | Cohort | 8568 | Children without Ireland citizenship | – | Hyperactivity | SDQ | OR | 6 |
Osooli et al. (2021) [19] | Sweden | Cohort | 2,707,976 | First-generation migrant children were born abord, second-generation migrant children were born in Sweden with foreign-born parents | Finland Other Scandinavian countries Eastern Europe West, Central, and South Europe East Asia and the Pacific Central-South Asia Middle East and North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa North America Latin America and the Caribbean | ADHD | DSM-V and ICD-10 | HR | 9 |
Hyperactive score (SDQ) | |||||||||
Leavey et al. (2004) [51] | U.K. | Cross-sectional | Case: 206 Control: 123 | Children foreign born | U.K.-born Foreign born | Hyperactivity score | SDQ self-report version | Mean (SD) | 6 |
Derluyn et al. (2007) [25] | Belgium | Case-control | Case: 1219 Control: 607 | Migrant status | Non-migrant adolescents Migrant adolescents | Hyperactivity score | SDQ self-report version | Mean (SD) | 7 |
Holling et al. (2008) [52] | German | Cross-sectional | Case: 2349 Control: 12,460 | Children with one or both immigrant parents (born outside the Germany) | – | Hyperactivity score | SDQ parent version | Mean (SD) | 7 |
Sagatun et al. (2008) [26] | Norway | Cohort | 2455 | Parental country of birth | – | Hyperactivity score | SDQ self-report version | Mean (SD) | 6 |
Alonso-Fernandez et al. (2017) [27] | Spain | Case-control | Case: 415 Control: 830 | The subjects chose the “foreigner” option as an answer to the question “What is the nationality of …?” | – | Hyperactivity score | SDQ | Mean (SD) | 7 |
McMahon et al. (2017) [53] | Austria Estonia France Germany Hungary Ireland Italy Romania Slovenia Spain | Cross-sectional | Case:1900 Control: 9018 | First-generation migrant children were born aboard, second-generation migrant children were domestically born with foreign-born parents | Non-migrants First-generation migrants (European origin) Second-generation (European origin) First-generation migrants (non-European origin) Second-generation (non-European origin) | Hyperactivity score | SDQ self-report version | Mean (SD) | 8 |