Table 5 Unadjusted means of health outcomes of schizophrenia patients with and without experience of sleep disturbances and anxiety problems in Japan

Health outcomes (Unadjusted)

n

Mean

SD

n

Mean

SD

n

Mean

SD

n

Mean

SD

(1) vs. (2)

(3) vs. (4)

 MCS (Japanese norm)

88

43.02

11.49

90

47.91

11.11

66

43.71

11.57

112

46.55

11.43

0.004

0.113

 PCS (Japanese norm)

88

44.43

15.27

90

47.95

12.55

66

44.25

16.24

112

47.37

12.48

0.094

0.152

 RCS (Japanese norm)

88

29.14

16.85

90

38.56

16.99

66

26.90

16.77

112

38.03

16.69

<  0.001

<  0.001

 EQ-5D index

88

0.65

0.21

90

0.75

0.17

66

0.62

0.22

112

0.75

0.16

<  0.001

<  0.001

 EQ-5D VAS

88

46.64

27.36

90

65.79

21.21

66

44.12

28.44

112

63.51

21.92

<  0.001

<  0.001

 Absenteeism %

46

26.11

31.10

41

7.20

17.21

35

21.94

23.64

52

14.00

28.97

0.001

0.181

 Presenteeism %

45

53.11

33.36

43

29.77

26.95

36

53.61

33.05

52

33.46

29.56

0.001

0.004

 Total work impairment %

44

63.16

29.75

41

32.00

28.97

35

63.66

27.98

50

37.26

32.34

<  0.001

<  0.001

 Total activity impairment %

88

53.30

31.32

90

34.67

27.69

66

55.91

31.57

112

36.79

28.32

<  0.001

<  0.001

PHQ-9 score

88

13.44

8.23

90

7.73

7.54

66

14.73

9.02

112

8.10

6.90

<  0.001

<  0.001

Indirect cost (in thousand yen)

44

2369.98

1281.20

41

1144.09

1031.88

35

2321.00

1194.38

50

1399.03

1270.28

<  0.001

0.001