Table 1 Sample characteristics (n = 943)
Characteristic | Min, Maxa | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Child | ||||
Age, M (SD) | 12.22 (1.23) | 9, 15 | ||
Male (%) | 47.5 | - | ||
1st generation (%) | 59.2 | - | ||
Externalizing problems—parent, M (SD) | 44.45 (8.67) | 33, 77 | ||
Externalizing problems—child, M (SD) | 44.83 (9.79) | 29, 84 | ||
Internalizing problems—parent, M (SD) | 48.41 (10.82) | 33, 84 | ||
Internalizing problems—child, M (SD) | 51.27 (10.07) | 27, 83 | ||
Family | ||||
Below Low-Income Measure (LIM) (%) | 57.1 | - | ||
Parental educational attainment (%) | ||||
High school or less | 24.6 | - | ||
Below Bachelor's | 26.6 | - | ||
Bachelor's or above | 48.8 | - | ||
Parental English fluency (%) | ||||
Native speaker/fluent | 38.8 | - | ||
Proficient | 53.2 | - | ||
Poor | 8.0 | - | ||
Parent arrived as refugeeb (%) | 28.2 | - | ||
Parent years in Canada, M (SD) | 16.73 (12.33) | 0, 59 | ||
Parental lifetime trauma exposure, M (SD) | 1.75 (2.16) | 0, 11 | ||
Parental perceived discrimination (%) | ||||
High | 22.4 | - | ||
Low | 25.0 | - | ||
None | 52.6 | - | ||
Parental distress, M (SD) | 16.21 (6.81) | 10, 50 | ||
Parenting behaviour | ||||
Positive parenting—parent, M (SD) | 46.22 (4.34) | 29, 50 | ||
Positive parenting—child, M (SD) | 44.69 (6.01) | 10, 50 | ||
Negative parenting—parent, M (SD) | 8.43 (2.81) | 5, 20 | ||
Negative parenting—child, M (SD) | 8.69 (2.92) | 5, 24 | ||
Neighbourhood | ||||
First generation immigrants, % (SD) | 34.17 (14.14) | - | ||
Median household income (in thousands), M (SD) | 68.37 (27.11) | 21.22, 151.60 | ||
Unemployment rate, M (SD) | 9.42 (8.75) | 0, 46.20 | ||
Level of neighbourhood disorder, M (SD)c | 8.87 (1.60) | 7, 19 | ||