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Table 2 Multivariate Response Model of Parent and Child-Reported Internalizing Problems, Weighted (n = 943)

From: Neighbourhood and family correlates of immigrant children’s mental health: a population-based cross-sectional study in Canada

Characteristic

Neighbourhood (Model 1)

Family demographics (Model 2)

Adverse life experiences (Model 3)

Parent distress (Model 4)

Parenting (Model 5)

 

Parent

(b, SE)

Child

(b, SE)

Parent

(b, SE)

Child

(b, SE)

Parent

(b, SE)

Child

(b, SE)

Parent

(b, SE)

Child

(b, SE)

Parent

(b, SE)

Child

(b, SE)

Fixed effects

Intercept

48.06 (0.70)***

49.001 (0.696)***

46.06 (1.481)***

48.007 (0.849)***

45.773 (1.609)***

48.396 (0.896)***

46.566 (1.595)***

48.315 (0.909)***

46.405 (1.544)***

49.359 (0.836)***

Neighbourhood

 % 1st generation immigrants

-0.039 (0.04)

-0.012 (0.032)

-0.042 (0.038)

-0.013 (0.03)

-0.033 (0.04)

-0.011 (0.029)

-0.032 (0.037)

-0.011 (0.029)

-0.031 (0.035)

-0.005 (0.026)

 Median family income (in thousands of dollars)

-0.022 (0.02)

-0.04 (0.021)

-0.005 (0.024)

-0.032 (0.02)

-0.005 (0.024)

-0.03 (0.02)

-0.003 (0.026)

-0.03 (0.02)

-0.017 (0.023)

-0.035 (0.015)*

 Unemployment rate

-0.045 (0.043)

0.133 (0.055)*

-0.062 (0.043)

0.13 (0.054)*

-0.08 (0.047)

0.124 (0.055)*

-0.06 (0.046)

0.126 (0.055)*

-0.066 (0.045)

0.11 (0.052)*^

 Neighbourhood disordera

0.666 (0.215)**

-0.054 (0.312)

0.663 (0.216)**

-0.08 (0.323)

0.634 (0.217)**

-0.034 (0.321)

0.57 (0.232)*

-0.042 (0.322)

0.406 (0.197)*

-0.025 (0.312)

Family socio-demographics

 Parent arrived in Canada as a refugeeb

  

-0.748 (0.948)

-1.198 (1.004)

-1.84 (0.948)

-1.446 (1.033)

-1.234 (0.909)

-1.376 (1.046)

-1.097 (0.91)

-1.248 (0.989)

 Years parent living in Canada

  

0.04 (0.08)

-0.026 (0.058)

0.045 (0.076)

-0.025 (0.056)

0.041 (0.075)

-0.026 (0.056)

0.009 (0.075)

-0.012 (0.06)

 Parent English language proficiencyc

          

  Poor

  

0.827 (1.539)

-2.644 (1.245)*

1.271 (1.421)

-2.608 (1.213)*

0.149 (1.448)

-2.642 (1.224)*

-0.177 (1.408)

-2.447 (1.26)

  Proficient

  

0.71 (0.866)

-0.084 (0.935)

0.911 (0.931)

-0.024 (0.947)

0.385 (0.911)

-0.021 (0.953)

0.266 (0.801)

0.491 (0.732)

 Parent educational attainmentd

          

  High school or less

  

1.989 (1.05)

0.55 (0.88)

1.987 (1.005)*

0.352 (0.912)

1.652 (1.001)

0.341 (0.923)

1.748 (0.993)

0.646 (0.696)

  Below Bachelor's

  

1.94 (1.304)

1.381 (0.908)

1.682 (1.284)

1.25 (0.911)

1.489 (1.252)

1.261 (0.922)

1.332 (1.20)

1.213 (0.781)

 Household below Low Income Measure (LIM)

  

2.142 (1.013)*

1.941 (0.797)*

1.395 (1.013)

1.779 (0.788)*

0.394 (0.991)

1.711 (0.768)*

0.854 (0.866)

1.485 (0.71)*

Adverse life experiences

 Parental lifetime trauma exposure

    

1.041 (0.22)***

0.214 (0.154)

0.707 (0.228)**

0.182 (0.162)

0.654 (0.235)**^

0.186 (0.154)

 Parental perceived discrimination (high)

    

1.37 (1.105)

-1.44 (1.177)

0.499 (1.141)

-1.465 (1.206)

0.461 (1.161)

-1.257 (0.871)

 Parental perceived discrimination (low)

    

1.623 (0.689)*

0.809 (1.055)

1.415 (0.742)

0.838 (1.059)

1.272 (0.695)

0.406 (0.945)

 Parental distress

      

0.435 (0.068)***

0.038 (0.053)

0.356 (0.063)***^

0.006 (0.051)

Parenting

 Positive (parent report)

        

-0.316 (0.127)*^

-0.039 (0.098)

 Positive (child report)

        

-0.008 (0.062)

-0.335 (0.088)***^

 Negative (parent report)

        

0.5 (0.196)*

0.171 (0.165)

 Negative (child report)

        

0.071 (0.147)

1.063 (0.206)***^

Covariates

 Child age

-0.021 (0.333)

0.694 (0.319)*

-0.092 (0.327)

0.739 (0.326)*

-0.281 (0.325)

0.708 (0.312)*

-0.088 (0.336)

0.726 (0.309)*

-0.181 (0.384)

0.314 (0.283)

 Child sex (male)

1.008 (0.761)

2.087 (0.949)*

1.087 (0.737)

2.196 (0.935)*

1.325 (0.678)

2.219 (0.923)*

1.781 (0.624)**

2.301 (0.914)*

1.447 (0.577)*

0.775 (0.794)

 Child immigrant status (1st generation)

-0.409 (0.741)

2.023 (0.785)**

-1.331 (1.134)

1.897 (1.038)

-1.046 (1.213)

1.806 (1.029)

-0.82 (1.203)

1.883 (1.039)

-0.56 (1.254)

1.101 (0.888)

Random effects

 Level 2: School

3.692 (1.835)*

3.17 (1.276)*

3.685 (2.005)

2.763 (1.236)*

3.876 (2.009)

2.572 (1.119)*

3.79 (1.935)*

2.535 (1.105)*

4.088 (2.068)*

2.043 (0.924)*

 Level 1: Child

101.37 (6.700)***

91.97 (5.141)***

90.589 (4.916)***

99.265 (6.785)***

93.946 (7.256)***

90.027 (4.85)***

86.976 (7.18)***

90.033 (4.882)***

81.916 (7.425)***

71.298 (4.649)***

  1. Bolded values denote significant coefficients after controlling the False Discovery Rate (FDR) (q-value of 0.05). *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. ^ denotes a significant difference in parent and child-reported coefficients. All coefficients are unstandardized
  2. a Parent-reported neighbourhood disorder aggregated at the Census Dissemination Area
  3. b Includes parents who arrived in Canada as a refugee, was or is currently a refugee. claimant/asylum seeker, or has ever lived in a refugee camp
  4. c Reference group for the variable parental English language proficiency was “fluent/native”
  5. d Reference group for the variable parental educational attainment was “Bachelor’s or above”