Preliminary study of the social withdrawal (hikikomori) spectrum in French adolescents: focusing on the differences in pathology and related factors compared with Japanese adolescents

Table 1 Descriptive statistics and severity of hikikomori: Comparison between Japanese^* and French participants

^a No significant difference between Japan and France. Pearson’s chi-square test. χ2 = 0.162, p = 0.186, ^b No significant difference between Japan and France. T-test: t = 0.512, p = 0.609, ^c Significant difference between Japan and France. T-test: t = 5.46, p < 0.001, ^d No significant difference between Japan and France. T-test: t = 1.94, p = 0.053. NS^e: No significant difference between the hikikomori and control groups. Pearson’s chi-square test. χ2 = 1.411, p = 0.235. NS^f: No significant difference between the hikikomori and control groups. Mann–Whitney U test: p = 0.363. Reliability analysis of internal consistency of each scale: ^† Cronbach’s α = 0.703, ^§ Cronbach’s α = 0.316. *The Japanese sample was sourced from our previous study [52]

ISSN: 1471-244X