Table 2 Between-group comparisons of the severity of hikikomori, environmental factors, and CBCL t-scores in France^†

Mean ± SD (SE)

Mean ± SD (SE)

Z-value

p

r

<Severity of hikikomori>

2.50 ± .43 (0.45)

0.73 ± 1.07 (0.10)

3.836

0.000***

0.34

 Parent’s psychiatric disorder

2.20 ± 1.98(0.62)

0.39 ± 1.07(0.10)

3.789

0.000***

0.34

 Parent’s physical disorder

1.60 ± 1.64(0.52)

0.57 ± 1.00(0.09)

2.307

0.021*

0.21

 Communication between parents and child

1.60 ± 1.34(0.42)

3.11 ± 0.95(0.08)

−3.484

0.000***

−0.31

 Communication between parents

1.50 ± 1.64(0.52)

2.96 ± 1.13(0.10)

−2.768

0.006**

−0.25

 Conflict between parents and child

2.40 ± 0.69(0.22)

1.57 ± 1.04(0.09)

2.399

0.016*

0.22

 Conflict between parents

2.40 ± 1.77(0.56)

1.29 ± 1.03(0.09)

1.923

0.055

0.17

 Economic status

2.00 ± 0.94(0.29)

2.59 ± 1.02(0.09)

−1.735

0.083

−0.16

 Communication with the community

2.20 ± 1.81(0.57)

3.07 ± 1.12(0.10)

−1.558

0.119

−0.14

 Overuse of the Internet

3.70 ± 0.67(0.21)

2.92 ± 1.31(0.12)

1.959

0.050

0.18

 Withdrawn

72.10 ± 9.75(3.08)

54.74 ± 6.70(0.62)

4.757

0.000***

0.43

 Somatic complaints

66.60 ± 14.19 (4.49)

54.70 ± 6.08(0.56)

2.682

0.007**

0.24

 Anxious/Depressed

72.50 ± 12.51(3.95)

54.83 ± 5.99(0.55)

4.265

0.000***

0.38

 Social problems

61.60 ± 8.23(2.60)

53.41 ± 5.73(0.53)

3.780

0.000***

0.34

 Thought problems

68.50 ± 9.45(2.99)

53.10 ± 5.94(0.55)

4.864

0.000***

0.44

 Attention problems

65.90 ± 12.48(3.94)

54.97 ± 6.58(0.61)

3.342

0.001**

0.30

 Delinquent behavior

66.10 ± 7.72(2.44)

54.17 ± 7.61(0.71)

4.264

0.000***

0.38

 Aggressive behavior

63.80 ± 9.04(2.85)

54.37 ± 6.10(0.56)

3.699

0.000***

0.33