Table 2 Risk of bias of included RCTs
Cluster-RCTs | |||||||
Study | Domains | ||||||
Randomization process | Identification and recruitment of participants | Effect of assignment to intervention | Missing outcome data | Measurement of the outcome | Selection of the reported result | ||
Akerblad 2003 [26] | High | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Low | |
Chang 2014 [72] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Low | |
Keeley 2014 [38] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns | |
LeBlanc 2015 [41] | Unclear | Low | Some concerns | Low | Some concerns | Low | |
Pradeep 2014 [52] | Some concerns | Low | Low | Some concerns | Low | Low | |
Richards 2016 [53] | Low | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | |
Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns | Low | ||
Individually RCTs | |||||||
Study | Domains | ||||||
Randomization process | Effect of assignment to intervention | Missing outcome data | Measurement of the outcome | Selection of the reported result | |||
Adler 2004 [25] | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | ||
Aljumah & Hassali, 2015 [59] | Low | Some concerns | High | Low | Low | ||
Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns | Low | |||
Browne 2002 [70] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | ||
Capoccia 2004 [71] | Some concerns | Low | Low | Some concerns | Low | ||
De Jonghe 2001 [74] | Low | Some concerns | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns | ||
Guo 2015 [67] | Some concerns | Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns | ||
Hammonds 2015 [29] | Some concerns | Some concerns | Some concerns | Low | High | ||
Interian 2013 [30] | Some concerns | Low | Low | Low | Low | ||
John 2016 [31] | Low | Low | Some concerns | High | Some concerns | ||
Katon 2002 [32] | Some concerns | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns | Some concerns | ||
Katon 2001 [33] | Some concerns | Some concerns | Low | Some concerns | Low | ||
Katon 1999 [34] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | ||
Katon 1996 [35] | Some concerns | Some concerns | Low | Some concerns | Low | ||
Katon 1995 [36] | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Low | ||
Kutcher 2002 [40] | Low | Some concerns | High | Some concerns | Low | ||
Perlis 2002 [75] | Some concerns | Low | Low | Some concerns | Low | ||
Lin 2003 [42] | Some concerns | Low | Low | Low | Low | ||
Lin 1999 [43] | Some concerns | Low | Some concerns | High | Low | ||
Mantani 2017 [44] | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Low | ||
Mundt 2001 [46] | Some concerns | Some concerns | Low | Some concerns | Low | ||
Myers & Calvert, 1984 [49] | Some concerns | Low | Low | Some concerns | Low | ||
Nwokeji 2012 [50] | High | Low | Low | Some concerns | Low | ||
Perahia 2008 [51] | Some concerns | Low | Low | High | Low | ||
Salkovskis 2006 [56] | Some concerns | Low | Some concerns | High | Some concerns | ||
Low | Low | High | Low | Low | |||
Simon 2006 [57] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | ||
Simon 2011 [58] | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Low | ||
Smit 2005 [60] | High | Some concerns | Low | Low | Low | ||
Vannachavee 2016 [61] | Some concerns | Low | Some concerns | Low | Low | ||
Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns | Low | |||
Wiles 2008 [64] | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Low | ||
Marasine, 2020 [69] | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns | Low | Low | ||
Yusuf, 2021 [68] | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns | Low | Low | ||