Table 1 Demographics, health characteristics of respondents with depression versus without depression diagnosis and across severity groups
Variable | Respondents without depression diagnosisb* n = 30,478 | Respondents with depression diagnosisa | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (all symptom levels)* n = 8853 | No/minimal symptoms# n = 1876 | Mild symptoms# n = 2801 | Moderate symptoms# n = 1938 | Moderately severe symptoms# n = 1376 | Severe symptoms# n = 862 | ||
Demographic characteristics | |||||||
Age (years), mean ± SD | 43.9 ± 13.6 | 39.9 ± 14.1 | 42.1 ± 13.8 | 41.0 ± 14.0 | 39.0 ± 14.2 | 37.8 ± 13.8 | 37.1 ± 14.1 |
Female, n (%) | 15600 (51.2) | 6282 (71.0) | 1265 (67.4) | 1968 (70.3) | 1416 (73.1) | 993 (72.2) | 640 (74.2) |
Race/ethnicity, n (%) | |||||||
Non-Hispanic white | 17860 (58.6) | 5817 (65.7) | 1244 (66.3) | 1918 (68.5) | 1259 (65.0) | 865 (62.9) | 531 (61.6) |
Non-Hispanic black | 3866 (12.7) | 818 (9.2) | 197 (10.5) | 241 (8.6) | 169 (8.7) | 134 (9.7) | 77 (8.9) |
Hispanic | 3373 (11.1) | 1184 (13.4) | 228 (12.2) | 348 (12.4) | 273 (14.1) | 186 (13.5) | 149 (17.3) |
Other ethnicity | 5379 (17.6) | 1034 (11.7) | 207 (11.0) | 294 (10.5) | 237 (12.2) | 191 (13.9) | 105 (12.2) |
Marital status, n (%) | |||||||
Single | 12301 (40.4) | 4825 (54.5) | 936 (49.9) | 1501 (53.6) | 1066 (55.0) | 789 (57.3) | 533 (61.8) |
Married/living with partner | 18096 (59.4) | 4015 (45.4) | 937 (49.9) | 1299 (46.4) | 867 (44.7) | 587 (42.7) | 325 (37.7) |
Decline to answer | 81 (0.3) | 13 (0.1) | 3 (0.2) | 1 (0.0) | 5 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.5) |
Education level, n (%) | |||||||
Less than college educated | 13140 (43.1) | 5437 (61.4) | 1003 (53.5) | 1649 (58.9) | 1240 (64.0) | 930 (67.6) | 615 (71.3) |
College educated | 17289 (56.7) | 3401 (38.4) | 866 (46.2) | 1149 (41.0) | 694 (35.8) | 446 (32.4) | 246 (28.5) |
Decline to answer | 49 (0.2) | 15 (0.2) | 7 (0.4) | 3 (0.1) | 4 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) |
Annual household income, n (%) | |||||||
< $25 K | 3420 (11.2) | 2185 (24.7) | 349 (18.6) | 645 (23.0) | 491 (25.3) | 427 (31.0) | 273 (31.7) |
$25 K to < $50 K | 5835 (19.1) | 2499 (28.2) | 464 (24.7) | 798 (28.5) | 563 (29.1) | 418 (30.4) | 256 (29.7) |
$50 K to < $75 K | 5775 (18.9) | 1637 (18.5) | 383 (20.4) | 560 (20.0) | 355 (18.3) | 207 (15.0) | 132 (15.3) |
$75 K or more | 13567 (44.5) | 2120 (23.9) | 598 (31.9) | 691 (24.7) | 419 (21.6) | 264 (19.2) | 148 (17.2) |
Decline to answer | 1881 (6.2) | 412 (4.7) | 82 (4.4) | 107 (3.8) | 110 (5.7) | 60 (4.4) | 53 (6.1) |
Employed, n (%) | 22073 (72.4) | 5014 (56.6) | 1208 (64.4) | 1638 (58.5) | 1058 (54.6) | 706 (51.3) | 404 (46.9) |
Has health insurance, n (%) | 27719 (90.9) | 8030 (90.7) | 1764 (94.0) | 2557 (91.3) | 1747 (90.1) | 1219 (88.6) | 743 (86.2) |
Body mass index, n (%) | |||||||
Underweight (< 18.5) | 732 (2.4) | 256 (2.9) | 48 (2.6) | 68 (2.4) | 59 (3.0) | 48 (3.5) | 33 (3.8) |
Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 11476 (37.7) | 2540 (28.7) | 580 (30.9) | 808 (28.8) | 543 (28.0) | 391 (28.4) | 218 (25.3) |
Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 9716 (31.9) | 2258 (25.5) | 550 (29.3) | 745 (26.6) | 449 (23.2) | 328 (23.8) | 186 (21.6) |
Obese (30.0–39.9) | 6308 (20.7) | 2542 (28.7) | 494 (26.3) | 811 (29.0) | 586 (30.2) | 381 (27.7) | 270 (31.3) |
Morbidly obese (≥ 40) | 1187 (3.9) | 973 (11.0) | 147 (7.8) | 276 (9.9) | 232 (12.0) | 196 (14.2) | 122 (14.2) |
Decline to answer | 1059 (3.5) | 284 (3.2) | 57 (3.0) | 93 (3.3) | 69 (3.6) | 32 (2.3) | 33 (3.8) |
Smoking behavior, n (%) | |||||||
Never smoked | 21814 (71.6) | 4844 (54.7) | 1095 (58.4) | 1518 (54.2) | 1072 (55.3) | 682 (49.6) | 477 (55.3) |
Former smoker | 5546 (18.2) | 2275 (25.7) | 466 (24.8) | 744 (26.6) | 495 (25.5) | 365 (26.5) | 205 (23.8) |
Current smoker | 3118 (10.2) | 1734 (19.6) | 315 (16.8) | 539 (19.2) | 371 (19.1) | 329 (23.9) | 180 (20.9) |
Alcohol use, n (%) | 20441 (67.1) | 5839 (66.0) | 1268 (67.6) | 1918 (68.5) | 1258 (64.9) | 879 (63.9) | 516 (59.9) |
Regularly exercised | 22372 (73.4) | 5192 (58.6) | 1215 (64.8) | 1707 (60.9) | 1091 (56.3) | 748 (54.4) | 431 (50.0) |
CCI, mean ± SD | 0.14 ± 0.61 | 0.44 ± 1.08 | 0.36 ± 0.98 | 0.42 ± 1.08 | 0.48 ± 1.11 | 0.49 ± 1.16 | 0.51 ± 1.08 |
Depression symptoms at the time of diagnosis | |||||||
Depressed mood and other emotional problems, n (%) | - | 7791 (88.0) | 1593 (84.9) | 2478 (88.5) | 1718 (88.6) | 1216 (88.4) | 786 (91.2) |
Eating pattern changes, n (%) | - | 1859 (21.0) | 319 (17.0) | 570 (20.3) | 462 (23.8) | 318 (23.1) | 190 (22.0) |
Sleep pattern changes, n (%) | - | 3876 (43.8) | 730 (38.9) | 1231 (43.9) | 906 (46.7) | 642 (46.7) | 367 (42.6) |
Mental changes, n (%) | - | 4340 (49.0) | 748 (39.9) | 1362 (48.6) | 992 (51.2) | 723 (52.5) | 515 (59.7) |
Social problems, n (%) | - | 2810 (31.7) | 481 (25.6) | 854 (30.5) | 628 (32.4) | 503 (36.6) | 344 (39.9) |
Physical problems, n (%) | - | 1342 (15.2) | 251 (13.4) | 433 (15.5) | 293 (15.1) | 230 (16.7) | 135 (15.7) |
Anxiety and sleep problems | |||||||
Diagnosed with anxiety totalc n (%) | 1668 (5.5) | 6481 (73.2) | 1157 (61.7) | 2007 (71.7) | 1468 (75.7) | 1114 (81.0) | 735 (85.3) |
Diagnosed with any sleep problem, n (%) | 1995 (6.5) | 3531 (39.9) | 471 (25.1) | 1073 (38.3) | 866 (44.7) | 646 (46.9) | 475 (55.1) |
Prescription use | |||||||
For anxiety totalc, n (%) | 815 (2.7) | 3892 (44.0) | 708 (37.7) | 1183 (42.2) | 897 (46.3) | 661 (48.0) | 443 (51.4) |
For sleep totald, n (%) | 715 (2.3) | 1536 (17.4) | 200 (10.7) | 488 (17.4) | 363 (18.7) | 276 (20.1) | 209 (24.2) |
GAD-7 scores | |||||||
GAD-7 score, mean ± SD | 1.16 ± 2.10 | 8.00 ± 5.57 | 3.10 ± 3.26 | 6.33 ± 3.99 | 9.01 ± 4.41 | 12.16 ± 4.59 | 15.15 ± 4.84 |