A randomized controlled trial of Goal Management Training for executive functioning in schizophrenia spectrum disorders or psychosis risk syndromes

Table 4 Executive functioning at baseline (N = 81)

	Study Sample		Standardized norms
	M	SD	M	SD	t^a	p
BRIEF-A: Total T-score	68.08	10.59	50	10	14.68	< .001
Inhibit T	58.43	11.72	50	10	6.19	< .001
Shift T	62.82	11.30	50	10	9.76	< .001
Emotional Control T	58.01	11.73	50	10	5.88	.003
Self-Monitor T	53.95	10.97	50	10	3.10	< .001
Initiate T	68.92	12.01	50	10	13.55	< .001
Working Memory T	67.73	10.38	50	10	14.70	< .001
Plan/ Organize T	62.53	9.83	50	10	10.96	< .001
Task Monitor T	61.01	11.01	50	10	8.61	< .001
Organization of Materials T	54.78	12.58	50	10	3.27	.002
Digit Span total Scaled Score	9.88	2.60	10	3	−0.39	.697
CWIT1: Color Naming SS	6.86	2.91	10	3	−9.57	< .001
CWIT2: Reading SS	8.05	3.20	10	3	−5.42	< .001
CWIT3: Inhibition SS	8.27	3.45	10	3	−4.46	< .001
CWIT4: Inhibition & switching SS	7.95	3.85	10	3	−4.46	< .001
CWIT Contrast Inhibition SS	11.41^b	2.66	10	3	4.69	< .001
CWIT Contrast Shifting SS	9.73	2.97	10	3	−0.80	.429
Tower total achievement SS	10.50	2.36	10	3	1.90	.062
CPT3 d’ T-score	54.87	10.38	50	10	4.23	< .001

Bold values are statistically significant
^aResults of one-sample t-tests compared to standardized means of normative samples from the manuals of the instruments [6, 38, 50, 64]
^bNote that the scaled score for CWIT Inhibition is higher than the normative mean

ISSN: 1471-244X