Table 1 Distributions of categorical variables by general psychiatric symptoms
Variables | Overall | Loneliness | Anxiety | Depression | Insomnia | Fear of COVID-19 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | Mean (SD) | t | Mean (SD) | t | Mean (SD) | t | Mean (SD) | t | Mean (SD) | t | |
Gender | |||||||||||
 Male | 520 (51.8) | 5.61 (1.78) | 10.46** | 6.99 (4.59) | 2.52 | 9.91 (5.12) | 1.66 | 9.43 (6.66) | 0.75 | 17.5 (5.74) | 3.83 |
 Female | 484 (48.2) | 5.99 (1.86) |  | 7.45 (4.63) |  | 10.33 (5.23) |  | 9.8 (6.72) |  | 18.21 (5.63) |  |
Marital status | |||||||||||
 Unmarried | 731 (72.8) | 5.85 (1.85) | 7.29** | 6.97 (4.57) | 4.00* | 9.87 (5.1) | 8.33*** | 9.34 (6.64) | 2.19 | 17.33 (5.39) | 13.04*** |
 Married | 208 (20.7) | 5.42 (1.7) |  | 7.74 (4.67) |  | 10.17 (4.96) |  | 10.37 (7.18) |  | 19.58 (5.83) |  |
 In a relationship | 65 (6.5) | 6.31 (1.78) |  | 8.25 (4.75) |  | 12.58 (6.07) |  | 10.2 (5.28) |  | 18.11 (7.31) |  |
Education | |||||||||||
 Below university | 180 (17.9) | 5.87 (1.76) | 0.36 | 7.84 (4.38) | 4.07* | 11.17 (4.5) | 9.31** | 9.53 (6.47) | 0.03 | 18.26 (5.94) | 1.15 |
 University | 824 (82.1) | 5.78 (1.84) |  | 7.07 (4.66) |  | 9.88 (5.29) |  | 9.63 (6.74) |  | 17.75 (5.64) |  |
Monthly household income (BDT) | |||||||||||
  <  20,000 | 216 (21.5) | 5.73 (1.97) | 1.63 | 7.16 (5.02) | 0.31 | 10.26 (5.21) | 0.18 | 7.86 (6.18) | 7.18*** | 17.18 (5.57) | 3.59* |
 20,000–30,000 | 274 (27.3) | 5.7 (1.74) |  | 7.01 (4.18) |  | 9.93 (4.82) |  | 9.61 (6.8) |  | 18.58 (5.94) |  |
 30,000–40,000 | 276 (27.5) | 5.73 (1.72) |  | 7.34 (4.41) |  | 10.14 (4.95) |  | 10.22 (6.58) |  | 18.13 (5.55) |  |
  > 40,000 | 238 (23.7) | 6.02 (1.91) |  | 7.33 (4.95) |  | 10.14 (5.78) |  | 10.49 (6.85) |  | 17.26 (5.59) |  |
Residence | |||||||||||
 Urban | 756 (75.3) | 5.77 (1.82) | 0.33 | 7.13 (4.66) | 1.05 | 9.98 (5.23) | 1.95 | 9.81 (6.67) | 2.80 | 17.88 (5.56) | 0.10 |
 Rural | 248 (24.7) | 5.85 (1.87) |  | 7.47 (4.47) |  | 10.51 (4.98) |  | 8.99 (6.71) |  | 17.74 (6.09) |  |
Chronic health conditions | |||||||||||
 Yes | 185 (18.4) | 6.25 (1.72) | 14.60*** | 8.66 (4.61) | 23.00*** | 11.52 (5.05) | 17.06*** | 12.25 (6.33) | 36.66*** | 18.5 (5.73) | 3.00 |
 No | 819 (81.6) | 5.69 (1.84) |  | 6.88 (4.56) |  | 9.79 (5.15) |  | 9.01 (6.62) |  | 17.69 (5.68) |  |
Self-reported health status | |||||||||||
 Good | 608 (60.6) | 5.53 (1.78) | 32.06*** | 6.6 (4.37) | 27.88*** | 9.71 (5.08) | 9.21** | 8.8 (6.41) | 23.22*** | 17.61 (5.58) | 2.61 |
 Poor | 396 (39.4) | 6.19 (1.83) |  | 8.15 (4.82) |  | 10.72 (5.26) |  | 10.85 (6.92) |  | 18.2 (5.85) |  |
Worried due to COVID-19 | |||||||||||
 Yes | 697 (69.4) | 5.85 (1.68) | 1.86 | 7.56 (4.42) | 13.26*** | 10.18 (4.8) | 0.39 | 10.36 (6.55) | 29.36*** | 19.05 (5.44) | 113.48*** |
 No | 307 (30.6) | 5.67 (2.13) |  | 6.42 (4.95) |  | 9.96 (5.94) |  | 7.91 (6.68) |  | 15.11 (5.3) |  |
Experienced prolonged home quarantine | |||||||||||
 Yes | 801 (79.8) | 5.74 (1.87) | 3.43 | 7.2 (4.71) | 0.02 | 10.12 (5.18) | 0.02 | 9.21 (6.77) | 14.31*** | 17.84 (5.64) | < 0.01 |
 No | 203 (20.2) | 6 (1.64) |  | 7.26 (4.21) |  | 10.07 (5.19) |  | 11.18 (6.11) |  | 17.85 (5.91) |  |
Decreased household income due to COVID-19 | |||||||||||
 Yes | 644 (64.1) | 5.83 (1.84) | 0.84 | 7.5 (4.59) | 7.07** | 10.44 (5.08) | 7.37** | 9.78 (6.82) | 1.23 | 18.15 (5.68) | 5.22* |
 No | 360 (35.9) | 5.72 (1.81) |  | 6.69 (4.62) |  | 9.52 (5.31) |  | 9.29 (6.44) |  | 17.29 (5.69) |  |
Unemployment of family members due to COVID-19 | |||||||||||
 Yes | 366 (36.5) | 5.87 (1.74) | 0.99 | 8.01 (4.42) | 17.34*** | 10.81 (5.06) | 10.50** | 10.88 (7.07) | 21.28*** | 18.48 (5.93) | 7.16** |
 No | 638 (63.5) | 5.75 (1.88) |  | 6.76 (4.66) |  | 9.71 (5.2) |  | 8.88 (6.34) |  | 17.48 (5.53) |  |
Food scarcity | |||||||||||
 Yes | 387 (38.5) | 5.85 (1.74) | .62 | 7.98 (4.35) | 17.74*** | 10.54 (4.93) | 4.30* | 11 (7.02) | 28.06*** | 19.1 (5.87) | 31.55*** |
 No | 617 (61.5) | 5.76 (1.88) |  | 6.73 (4.71) |  | 9.84 (5.31) |  | 8.73 (6.31) |  | 17.06 (5.44) |  |
Average sleep duration | |||||||||||
  <  7 hours | 304 (30.3) | 5.66 (1.91) | 1.98 | 7.38 (5.12) | 0.30 | 9.49 (5.68) | 3.19* | 10.86 (7.12) | 7.75*** | 18.19 (5.69) | 3.41* |
 7–9 hours | 532 (53.0) | 5.8 (1.7) |  | 7.12 (4.4) |  | 10.41 (4.79) |  | 9.04 (6.11) |  | 17.97 (5.64) |  |
  > 9 hours | 168 (16.7) | 6.01 (2.06) |  | 7.2 (4.33) |  | 10.28 (5.34) |  | 9.13 (7.32) |  | 16.82 (5.8) |  |
Physical exercise | |||||||||||
 Yes | 424 (42.2) | 5.49 (1.87) | 20.74*** | 6.85 (4.79) | 4.42* | 9.8 (5.23) | 2.62 | 8.95 (6.96) | 7.13** | 17.64 (5.39) | 0.89 |
 No | 580 (57.8) | 6.02 (1.77) |  | 7.47 (4.47) |  | 10.34 (5.13) |  | 10.09 (6.44) |  | 17.99 (5.91) |  |
Internet browsing hours | |||||||||||
  <  2 hours | 123 (12.3) | 5.02 (1.75) | 14.85*** | 6.64 (4.68) | 1.74 | 9.33 (4.89) | 3.08* | 7.47 (6.88) | 7.95*** | 18.36 (5.55) | 2.98* |
 2–4 hours | 258 (25.7) | 5.5 (1.65) |  | 6.88 (4.47) |  | 9.58 (4.76) |  | 8.92 (6.02) |  | 18.04 (5.48) |  |
 4–6 hours | 318 (31.7) | 6.11 (1.68) |  | 7.53 (4.51) |  | 10.6 (4.88) |  | 10.59 (6.31) |  | 18.25 (5.9) |  |
  > 6 hours | 305 (30.4) | 6.02 (2.03) |  | 7.39 (4.8) |  | 10.36 (5.83) |  | 10.03 (7.27) |  | 17.05 (5.65) |  |
Social media use | |||||||||||
 Not at all | 55 (5.5) | 5.09 (1.92) | 6.83*** | 8.45 (4.8) | 5.15*** | 10.64 (4.63) | 1.51 | 8.11 (7.7) | 3.94** | 18.96 (6.27) | 2.61* |
 Rarely | 86 (8.6) | 5.8 (1.51) |  | 8.1 (4.71) |  | 10.57 (5.6) |  | 10.19 (6.48) |  | 18.81 (5.43) |  |
 Sometime | 285 (28.4) | 5.58 (1.65) |  | 6.62 (4.21) |  | 9.53 (4.58) |  | 9.57 (5.96) |  | 18.25 (5.63) |  |
 Often | 374 (37.3) | 5.79 (1.8) |  | 6.84 (4.51) |  | 10.17 (5.1) |  | 8.97 (6.23) |  | 17.54 (5.4) |  |
 Always | 204 (20.3) | 6.28 (2.1) |  | 8 (5.05) |  | 10.49 (5.96) |  | 10.99 (7.94) |  | 17.12 (6.14) |  |
COVID-19-related news exposure | |||||||||||
 Yes | 641 (63.8) | 5.74 (1.81) | 1.69 | 7.26 (4.64) | 0.23 | 9.93 (5.01) | 2.09 | 9.39 (6.75) | 1.83 | 18.41 (5.61) | 18.02*** |
 No | 363 (36.2) | 5.89 (1.86) |  | 7.12 (4.57) |  | 10.42 (5.44) |  | 9.99 (6.56) |  | 16.84 (5.72) |  |
Tobacco smoking | |||||||||||
 Yes | 186 (18.5) | 5.89 (1.82) | 0.61 | 7.67 (4.42) | 2.28 | 10.38 (5.56) | 0.60 | 10.72 (6.7) | 6.36* | 17.68 (5.6) | 0.18 |
 No | 818 (81.5) | 5.77 (1.83) |  | 7.11 (4.65) |  | 10.05 (5.08) |  | 9.35 (6.66) |  | 17.88 (5.72) |  |
Alcohol consumption | |||||||||||
 Yes | 73 (7.3) | 6.49 (1.93) | 11.65** | 7.4 (4.66) | 0.13 | 10.29 (5.96) | 0.09 | 12.53 (7.25) | 15.30*** | 17.41 (6.68) | 0.45 |
 No | 931 (92.7) | 5.74 (1.81) |  | 7.2 (4.61) |  | 10.1 (5.11) |  | 9.38 (6.59) |  | 17.88 (5.61) |  |
Self-reported quality of life | |||||||||||
 Good | 653 (65.0) | 5.53 (1.75) | 39.59*** | 6.74 (4.39) | 20.26*** | 9.87 (5.12) | 4.11* | 9.01 (6.31) | 15.18*** | 17.66 (5.58) | 1.99 |
 Poor | 351 (35.0) | 6.28 (1.88) |  | 8.1 (4.89) |  | 10.56 (5.25) |  | 10.72 (7.21) |  | 18.19 (5.89) |  |