Personality traits and hardiness as risk- and protective factors for mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a Norwegian two-wave study

Table 3 Predicting mental distress (T2) using personality traits and hardiness (N = 5783)

Step	F	p	R²_adj.	ΔR²
1. Age & gender T1	227.85	<.001	.11	.11*
2. Solitary living T2	189.04	<.001	.12	.01*
3. Negative economic impact T2	214.00	<.001	.16	.04*
4. PHQ-ADS T1	1236.25	<.001	.56	.41*
5. TIPI T2	830.04	<.001	.61	.05*
6. DRS-15-R T1	761.05	<.001	.61	.00
Predictors in final step	β	t	p
Age	−.06	−6.21	<.001
Female gender	.02	1.82	.069
Other gender	−.01	−.88	.381
Solitary Living	.02	2.53	.011
Negative economic impact	.07	8.45	<.001
PHQ-ADS	.56	49.26	<.001
Neuroticism	.23	21.85	<.001
Conscientiousness	−.07	−8.27	<.001
Agreeableness	−.02	−2.18	.029
Extraversion	−.05	−5.84	<.001
Openness	.02	1.77	.077
DRS-15-R	.01	1.22	.224

Note. Dependent variable: PHQ-ADS at T2. DRS-15-R = Revised Norwegian dispositional resilience scale, PHQ-ADS = Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale, TIPI = Ten-Item Personality-Inventory, T = Wave number. Results were essentially identical, with no differences in significance levels, when running the regression using multiple imputation (N = 5969; see supplemental Table 2). *p < .001

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