Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics for all participants (n = 250)

Age (years)^a

33.88 ± 8.85

31.86 ± 8.70

33.31 ± 7.91

31.42 ± 7.07

1.248

0.293

Sex (male/female)

32/37

31/43

23/31

23/30

0.327

0.955

Education (years)

10.28 ± 3.67

10.41 ± 3.30

10.83 ± 3.01

11.55 ± 3.34

1.710

0.165

BMI (kg/m²)

28.61 ± 2.70

21.67 ± 2.44

28.19 ± 2.62

21.63 ± 2.33

149.234

 < 0.001

Age of onset (years)

26.32 ± 8.92

24.76 ± 7.62

N/A

N/A

1.125

0.263

Duration of illness (years)

7.81 ± 5.63

7.10 ± 5.32

N/A

N/A

0.772

0.441

Antipsychotic medications (%)

58 (84.1)

57 (77.0)

N/A

N/A

0.719

0.397

CPeq (mg/day)

349.6 ± 170.4

374.7 ± 253.9

N/A

N/A

-0.697

0.487

Smoking regularly (%)

26 (37.7)

20 (27.0)

15 (27.8)

11 (20.8)

3.327

0.344

Drinking regularly (%)

11 (15.9)

6 (8.1)

7 (13.0)

3 (5.7)

4.166

0.244

PANSS total scores

81.62 ± 15.06

78.45 ± 17.91

N/A

N/A

1.144

0.255

Positive symptom

21.38 ± 5.33

21.53 ± 6.10

N/A

N/A

-0.156

0.876

Negative symptom

21.25 ± 5.59

20.26 ± 4.90

N/A

N/A

1.128

0.610

General psychopathology

39.00 ± 10.11

36.66 ± 11.76

N/A

N/A

1.271

0.206

MoCA total scores

19.46 ± 5.44

20.26 ± 6.02

24.76 ± 3.06

24.57 ± 3.96

19.477

 < 0.001

Visuospatial/constructional

2.81 ± 1.53

2.86 ± 1.55

3.22 ± 1.19

3.75 ± 1.37

5.391

0.001

Naming

2.43 ± 0.67

2.31 ± 0.72

2.63 ± 0.52

2.62 ± 0.63

3.590

0.014

Attention

3.52 ± 1.56

4.23 ± 1.57

5.31 ± 0.93

4.92 ± 1.41

19.115

 < 0.001

Language

2.25 ± 0.91

2.05 ± 1.01

2.43 ± 0.84

2.40 ± 0.91

2.190

0.090

Abstraction

1.25 ± 0.85

1.22 ± 0.75

1.28 ± 0.63

1.28 ± 0.66

0.113

0.952

Delayed memory

1.97 ± 1.64

2.68 ± 1.52

3.46 ± 1.40

3.17 ± 1.65

10.895

 < 0.001

Orientation

4.57 ± 1.37

4.26 ± 1.70

5.81 ± 0.48

5.87 ± 0.44

29.577

 < 0.001