Assessing anxiety among adolescents in Hong Kong: psychometric properties and validity of the Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) in an epidemiological community sample

Table 4 Regression model showing the association between GAD-7 and other psychiatric conditions

	Dependent variable
	PHQ-9	HCL-32	SPQB	AUDIT	ISI
	β (t)	β (t)	β (t)	β (t)	β (t)
Independent variable
GAD-7	0.737 (61.659)***	0.109 (6.109)***	0.414 (25.409)***	0.061 (3.471)***	0.029 (1.639)
Control variables
Female (ref.: male)	−0.009 (−0.727)	−0.065 (−3.721)***	−0.069 (−4.338)***	−0.125 (−7.318)***	−0.015 (−0.832)
Age^a	−0.035 (−2.549)*	0.107 (5.242***)	−0.004 (−0.210)	0.211 (10.560)***	−0.036 (−1.761)
Student (ref.: non-student)	0.004 (0.290)	0.033 (1.603)	−0.004 (−0.210)	0.003 (0.132)	−0.009 (−0.451)
Had psychiatric history (ref.: no history)	0.056 (4.685)***	−0.047 (−2.683)**	0.052 (3.195)**	0.011 (0.637)	0.012 (0.667)
R²	0.560***	0.024***	0.182***	0.062***	0.003

β = Standardised regression coefficient, t = t-test value, ref. = Referent of a binary variable, ^aThe age variable was put into the regression model as an ordinal variable. Therefore the value of the regression coefficients indicate the points the dependent variable increase (or decrease) as the age group changes from a young group to an older group. ***p < .001, **p <.01, *p < .05

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