Table 1 Characteristics of participants enrolled in the study
Variables | Total, Mean ± SD or n (%) | Non-addictive, Mean ± SD or n (%) | Addictive, Mean ± SD or n (%) | t or χ2 value | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Smartphone addiction | |||||
 Smartphone addiction (binary variable) | |||||
  No | 268 (51.84) | – | – | – | – |
  Yes | 249 (48.16) | – | – | – | – |
Smartphone addiction (SAS-SV score) | 31.13 ± 10.26 | – | – | – | – |
Parental bonding | |||||
 Maternal parenting (PBI-M score) | |||||
  Care | 24.49 ± 6.20 | 25.47 ± 6.17 | 23.44 ± 6.06 | 3.77 | < 0.001 |
  Protection | 10.74 ± 6.27 | 9.65 ± 6.48 | 11.92 ± 5.82 | −4.17 | < 0.001 |
 Paternal parenting (PBI-F score) | |||||
  Care | 23.03 ± 6.55 | 24.29 ± 6.73 | 21.69 ± 6.08 | 4.60 | < 0.001 |
  Protection | 9.50 ± 6.07 | 8.53 ± 6.42 | 10.53 ± 5.49 | −3.78 | < 0.001 |
Individual characteristics | |||||
Age | 20.25 ± 0.77 | 20.26 ± 0.82 | 20.23 ± 0.70 | 0.42 | 0.674 |
 Gender | |||||
  Male | 194 (37.52) | 97 (36.19) | 97 (38.96) | 0.42 | 0.517 |
  Female | 323 (62.48) | 171 (63.81) | 152 (61.04) |  |  |
 Duration of medical program | |||||
  5-year | 365 (70.60) | 193 (72.01) | 172 (69.08) | 0.54 | 0.464 |
  8-year | 152 (29.40) | 75 (27.99) | 77 (30.92) |  |  |
 Household registration area | |||||
  Rural | 159 (30.75) | 79 (29.48) | 80 (32.13) | 0.50 | 0.780 |
  Urban | 329 (63.64) | 173 (64.55) | 156 (62.65) |  |  |
  Missing | 29 (5.61) | 16 (5.97) | 13 (5.22) |  |  |
Family characteristics | |||||
 Annual household income (CNY) | |||||
   ≤ 20,000 | 97 (18.76) | 43 (16.04) | 54 (21.69) | 4.98 | 0.289 |
  20,000-50,000 | 119 (23.02) | 57 (21.27) | 62 (24.90) |  |  |
  50,000-100,000 | 216 (41.78) | 122 (45.52) | 94 (37.75) |  |  |
   ≥ 100,000 | 41 (7.93) | 22 (8.21) | 19 (7.63) |  |  |
  Missing | 44 (8.51) | 24 (8.96) | 20 (8.03) |  |  |
 Father’s educational level | |||||
  Junior high school or below | 165 (31.91) | 77 (28.73) | 88 (35.34) | 2.95 | 0.400 |
  High school | 154 (29.79) | 86 (32.09) | 68 (27.31) |  |  |
  University or above | 158 (30.56) | 83 (30.97) | 75 (30.12) |  |  |
  Missing | 40 (7.74) | 22 (8.21) | 18 (7.23) |  |  |
 Mother’s educational level | |||||
  Junior high school or below | 177 (34.24) | 85 (31.72) | 92 (36.95) | 2.41 | 0.493 |
  High school | 138 (26.69) | 71 (26.49) | 67 (26.91) |  |  |
  University or above | 151 (29.21) | 82 (30.60) | 69 (27.71) |  |  |
  Missing | 51 (9.86) | 30 (11.19) | 21 (8.43) |  |  |
 Father’s occupation | |||||
  Legislators, senior officials and managers | 92 (17.79) | 47 (17.54) | 45 (18.07) | 5.29 | 0.624 |
  Professionals, technicians and associate professionals | 62 (11.99) | 38 (14.18) | 24 (9.64) |  |  |
  Clerical support workers | 25 (4.84) | 15 (5.59) | 10 (4.02) |  |  |
  Service and sales workers | 69 (13.35) | 35 (13.06) | 34 (13.65) |  |  |
  Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers | 64 (12.38) | 34 (12.69) | 30 (12.05) |  |  |
  Craft and related trades workers, plant and machine operators and assemblers | 40 (7.74) | 19 (7.09) | 21 (8.43) |  |  |
  Other | 124 (23.98) | 57 (21.27) | 67 (26.91) |  |  |
  Missing | 41 (7.93) | 23 (8.58) | 18 (7.23) |  |  |
 Mother’s occupation | |||||
  Legislators, senior officials and managers | 77 (14.89) | 41 (15.30) | 36 (14.46) | 1.84 | 0.968 |
  Professionals, technicians and associate professionals | 53 (10.25) | 30 (11.19) | 23 (9.23) |  |  |
  Clerical support workers | 44 (8.51) | 22 (8.21) | 22 (8.84) |  |  |
  Service and sales workers | 77 (14.89) | 39 (14.55) | 38 (15.26) |  |  |
  Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers | 62 (12.00) | 30 (11.20) | 32 (12.85) |  |  |
  Craft and related trades workers, plant and machine operators and assemblers | 15 (2.90) | 9 (3.36) | 6 (2.41) |  |  |
  Other | 148 (28.63) | 74 (27.61) | 74 (29.72) |  |  |
  Missing | 41 (7.93) | 23 (8.58) | 18 (7.23) |  |  |