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Table 2 Logistic regression analysis showing the factors associated with COVID-19 related emotional stress (Fear of contracting COVID-19, Fear of infecting someone else with COVID-19, Anger, frustration and loneliness among Nigerians (N = 4471)

From: Fear of contagion, emotional stress and coping strategies used by adults during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria

Variables

Fear of getting COVID-19

Fear of giving COVID-19 to someone else

Anger

Frustration

Loneliness

AOR (95% CI)

p value

AOR (95% CI)

p value

AOR (95% CI)

p value

AOR (95% CI)

p value

AOR (95% CI)

p value

Age

1.01 (1.01–1.02)

< 0.001

0.98 (0.97–0.99)

0.004

0.97 (0.96–0.98)

< 0.001

0.96 (0.95–0.97)

< 0.001

0.96 (0.95–0.97)

< 0.001

Sex at birth

Male (ref: Not male)

1.04 (0.92–1.18)

0.537

1.50 (1.24–1.82)

< 0.001

0.78 (0.60–1.01)

0.055

1.11 (0.95–1.28)

0.190

0.98 (0.82–1.18)

0.850

Educational status

Primary (ref: no formal education)

1.19 (0.49–2.85)

0.704

1.05 (0.32–3.43)

0.930

0.77 (0.28–2.11)

0.608

0.84 (0.36–1.96)

0.688

0.50 (0.21–1.19)

0.117

Secondary (ref: no formal education)

0.49 (0.24–1.01)

0.052

0.96 (0.36–2.57)

0.929

0.27 (0.12–0.62)

0.002

0.65 (0.33–1.31)

0.229

0.34 (0.17–0.68)

0.002

College/University (ref: no formal education)

0.28 (0.14–0.57)

< 0.001

0.98 (0.37–2.58)

0.972

0.25 (0.11–0.54)

0.001

0.50 (0.25–0.98)

0.044

0.24 (0.12–0.47)

< 0.001

Alcohol consumption

Yes (ref: no alcohol consumption)

1.55 (1.34–1.80)

< 0.001

1.52 (1.23–1.87)

< 0.001

2.11 (1.62–2.76)

< 0.001

1.34 (1.3–1.59)

0.001

1.53 (1.26–1.85)

< 0.001

Phone

Yes (ref: No phone use)

2.07 (1.80–2.39)

< 0.001

2.17 (1.72–2.74)

< 0.001

0.98 (0.74–1.31)

0.906

1.32 (1.11–1.56)

0.002

1.04 (0.85–1.27)

0.736

Video conferencing

Yes (ref: No video conferencing)

1.01 (0.87–1.17)

0.904

1.17 (0.93–1.46)

0.176

1.06 (0.78–1.43)

0.720

1.16 (0.97–1.38)

0.100

1.41 (1.15–1.74)

0.001

Meditation or mindfulness practices

Yes (ref: No)

0.99 (0.84–1.18)

0.963

0.97 (0.76–1.23)

0.777

1.47 (1.08–2.01)

0.016

0.93 (0.77–1.12)

0.423

1.18 (0.95–1.47)

0.138

Indoor exercises

Yes (ref: No)

1.06 (0.92–1.24)

0.423

0.83 (0.66–1.03)

0.096

0.94 (0.69–1.51)

0.661

1.23 (1.04–1.46)

0.017

0.89 (0.73–1.10)

0.293

Outdoor exercises

Yes (ref: No)

0.69 (0.56–0.85)

0.001

1.15 (0.86–1.54)

0.341

1.02 (0.69–1.51)

0.917

1.08 (0.86–1.36)

0.524

1.32 (1.01–1.71)

0.041

Creative activities

Yes (ref: No)

0.93 (0.79–1.09)

0.353

0.89 (0.71–1.13)

0.339

1.21 (0.89–1.64)

0.235

1.15 (0.96–1.38)

0.122

1.25 (1.01–1.54)

0.042

Learning new skills

Yes (ref: No)

0.79 (0.67–0.93)

0.004

0.92 (0.72–1.17)

0.485

0.73 (0.53–1.00)

0.053

1.10 (0.92–1.31)

0.312

0.98 (0.79–1.22)

0.882

Following media coverage related to COVID-19

Yes (ref: No)

1.40 (1.22–1.60)

< 0.001

1.38 (1.12–1.69)

0.003

1.65 (1.25–2.17)

< 0.001

1.64 (1.40–1.93)

< 0.001

1.33 (1.10–1.61)

0.003

Nagelkerke R2

0.102

 

0.059

 

0.081

 

0.116

 

0.100

 

Hosmer Lemeshow goodness of fit test

9.56

0.297

10.58

0.227

7.92

0.441

11.03

0.200

10.19

0.252

Omnibus test of model coefficients

354.11

< 0.001

134.61

< 0.001

137.33

< 0.001

355.51

< 0.001

259.13

< 0.001

  1. AOR Adjusted odds ratio, CI Confidence interval