Table 1 Comparisons of baseline socio-demographic factors, lifestyle behaviors, disease history, and frailty status according to cognitive impairment and cognitive decline

 Age (years)

< 0.001

0.03

 65–74

319 (69.65)

82 (48.81)

304 (64.68)

97 (62.18)

 75–84

131 (28.6)

66 (39.29)

151 (32.13)

46 (29.49)

  ≥ 85

8 (1.75)

20 (11.9)

15 (3.19)

13 (8.33)

Sex

0.05

1.00

 Men

231 (50.44)

100 (59.52)

249 (52.98)

82 (52.56)

 Women

227 (49.56)

68 (40.48)

221 (47.02)

74 (47.44)

0.13

0.01

145 (31.66)

66 (39.29)

150 (31.91)

61 (39.10)

177 (38.65)

52 (30.95)

166 (35.32)

63 (40.38)

136 (29.69)

50 (29.76)

154 (32.77)

32 (20.51)

Married

0.03

0.15

 No

111 (24.24)

56 (33.33)

118 (25.11)

49 (31.41)

 Yes

347 (75.76)

112 (66.67)

352 (74.89)

107 (68.59)

 Smoking

28 (6.11)

20 (11.90)

0.02

33 (7.02)

15 (9.62)

0.38

 Alcohol drinking

61 (13.32)

28 (16.67)

0.35

69 (14.68)

20 (12.82)

0.66

 Physical activity

354 (77.29)

121 (72.02)

0.21

365 (77.66)

110 (70.51)

0.09

 Hypertension

222 (48.47)

98 (58.33)

0.04

236 (50.21)

84 (53.85)

0.49

 Diabetes mellitus

71 (15.5)

41 (24.40)

0.01

72 (15.32)

40 (25.64)

0.005

 Heart disease

124 (27.07)

47 (27.98)

0.90

126 (26.81)

45 (28.85)

0.70

 Hyperlipidemia

126 (27.51)

33 (19.64)

0.06

119 (25.32)

40 (25.64)

1.00

 Stroke

18 (3.93)

19 (11.31)

0.001

23 (4.89)

14 (8.97)

0.09

 Cancer

28 (6.11)

11 (6.55)

0.99

30 (6.38)

9 (5.77)

0.93

 Fall history

80 (17.47)

39 (23.21)

0.13

92 (19.57)

27 (17.31)

0.61

 Sleep disturbance

205 (44.76)

80 (47.62)

0.59

214 (45.53)

71 (45.51)

1.00

Frailty status

0.002

0.03

 No

444 (96.94)

152 (90.48)

453 (96.38)

143 (91.67)

 Yes

14 (3.06)

16 (9.52)

17 (3.62)

13 (8.33)