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Table 2 Associations between sleep spindles parameters and lifetime diagnosis of psychiatric disorders (n = 1037)

From: Sleep spindles in people with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorders or bipolar disorders: a pilot study in a general population-based cohort

 

Lifetime diagnosis

SZ

SAD

SAM

BP-I

BP-II

βa (95CI)

βb (95CI)

βa (95CI)

βb (95CI)

βa (95CI)

βb (95CI)

βa (95CI)

βb (95CI)

βa (95CI)

βb (95CI)

Density

 all

− 1.18*** (− 1.64,-0.72)

−1.08*** (− 1.58,-0.57)

− 0.64° (− 1.36,0.08)

−0.62° (− 1.35,0.11)

0.28 (− 0.11,0.68)

0.23 (− 0.10,0.57)

0.18 (− 0.59,0.94)

0.17 (− 0.59,0.93)

0.20 (− 0.46,0.86)

0.21 (− 0.40,0.83)

 slow

− 0.90*** (− 1.22,-0.58)

− 0.83*** (− 1.19,-0.47)

−0.48 (− 1.11,0.14)

−0.48 (− 1.11,0.15)

0.61** (0.19,1.02)

0.56** (0.18,0.93)

− 0.07 (− 0.53,0.38)

− 0.09 (− 0.54,0.36)

0.40 (− 0.18,0.97)

0.40 (− 0.15,0.96)

 fast (log)

− 0.92* (− 1.82,-0.03)

−0.84° (− 1.74,0.05)

−0.47 (− 1.12,0.18)

−0.40(− 1.09,0.28)

− 0.39*** (− 0.58,-0.20)

−0.34*** (− 0.51,-0.17)

0.14 (− 0.29,0.58)

0.18 (− 0.29,0.64)

− 0.22(− 0.60,0.16)

− 0.22 (− 0.59,0.16)

Duration

 all (log)

−0.10** (− 0.18,-0.03)

−0.10** (− 0.17,-0.04)

0.01 (− 0.07,0.09)

0.02 (− 0.06,0.09)

0.13*** (0.07,0.19)

0.13*** (0.08,0.19)

− 0.01(− 0.07,0.05)

−0.01 (− 0.07,0.05)

0.03 (− 0.04,0.09)

0.03 (− 0.04,0.09)

 slow (log)

−0.11** (− 0.20,-0.03)

−0.11** (− 0.18,-0.04)

0.01 (− 0.08,0.11)

0.02 (− 0.07,0.11)

0.12** (0.05,0.19)

0.12*** (0.06,0.18)

− 0.01 (− 0.07,0.06)

−0.01 (− 0.07,0.06)

0.02 (− 0.05,0.10)

0.03 (− 0.04,0.09)

 fast (exp-2.5)

0.39° (− 0.01,0.78)

0.38* (0.01,0.75)

−0.15 (− 0.34,0.04)

−0.18* (− 0.36,-0.01)

0.03 (− 0.28,0.34)

0.01 (− 0.28,0.30)

− 0.07 (− 0.26,0.13)

−0.06 (− 0.27,0.14)

0.13(− 0.09,0.35)

0.12 (− 0.08,0.33)

Frequency

 all

0.05 (− 0.19,0.28)

0.05 (− 0.20,0.30)

0.15 (− 0.14,0.44)

0.18 (− 0.11,0.46)

− 0.39*** (− 0.53,-0.25)

−0.36*** (− 0.51,-0.22)

0.16* (0.02,0.30)

0.18* (0.02,0.33)

− 0.23*** (− 0.34,-0.13)

− 0.23*** (− 0.34,-0.13)

 slow

0.00 (− 0.09,0.09)

0.01 (− 0.10,0.11)

0.04 (− 0.11,0.19)

0.05 (− 0.10,0.20)

−0.19*** (− 0.28,-0.10)

− 0.17*** (− 0.25,-0.09)

0.08* (0.01,0.14)

0.09* (0.02,0.16)

− 0.13*** (− 0.21,-0.06)

− 0.14***(− 0.20,-0.07)

 fast

0.08 (− 0.03,0.19)

0.06 (− 0.04,0.17)

0.09°(0.00,0.19)

0.09°(0.00,0.19)

− 0.11*** (− 0.17,-0.05)

− 0.11*** (− 0.17,-0.04)

0.04 (− 0.03,0.10)

0.03 (− 0.03,0.10)

− 0.03 (− 0.11,0.05)

−0.03(− 0.11,0.05)

Amplitude

 all (exp-0.5)

0.00 (− 0.06,0.07)

0.01 (− 0.05,0.07)

− 0.01 (− 0.05,0.03)

−0.01 (− 0.05,0.03)

−0.04* (− 0.08,0.00)

−0.04° (− 0.09,0.00)

0.01 (− 0.02,0.03)

0.01 (− 0.02,0.03)

0.02° (0.00,0.03)

0.02°(0.00,0.03)

 slow (exp-0.5)

0.00 (− 0.06,0.07)

0.01 (− 0.06,0.08)

−0.01 (− 0.05,0.03)

−0.01 (− 0.05,0.02)

−0.04* (− 0.09,0.00)

−0.04° (− 0.09,0.00)

0.01 (− 0.02,0.03)

0.01 (− 0.02,0.03)

0.02° (0.00,0.03)

0.02° (0.00,0.03)

 fast (exp-0.5)

0.00 (− 0.06,0.07)

0.01 (− 0.05,0.07)

−0.01 (− 0.05,0.03)

−0.01 (− 0.05,0.03)

−0.04° (− 0.08,0.01)

−0.04 (− 0.08,0.01)

0.01 (− 0.02,0.03)

0.01 (− 0.02,0.03)

0.02* (0.00,0.04)

0.02* (0.00,0.04)

  1. aModel 1: Multiple linear mixed models adjusted for age, sex, BMI, current smoker and electrode location (random intercept model)
  2. bModel 2: Multiple linear mixed models adjusted for age, sex, BMI, current smoker, electrode location, TST, N2(%), AHI and any medication (random intercept model). Statistically significant comparisons (p < 0.05) are in bold.: p < 0.1; *: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01; ***: p < 0.001. The numbers in brackets correspond to the confidence interval